Ch 13, Sec 1-2 “The Northern Economy and People

Rise of Northern Industry Move from farming to factories Rise in technology New ways to communicate

Three Phases of Industrialization 1. tasks given out to individual workers 2. Factories were built to house all of one industry 3. New machines introduced to factories

Benefits of Industrialization People could specialize in one task Increased speed of production More profitable 2/3rds of all goods came from northern factories

Elias Howe Invented the sewing machine Made it possible to mass produce clothes One of many people who benefited from mass production

Improved Transportation in the North and Midwest Rise in railroads and canals to ship goods 1,000s of miles of railroad across the U.S. 3,000 steamboats traveled the rivers/canals Clipper Ships-made travel to Europe faster 11-14 days instead of 21-28 days

Railroads First used for mining 1830-Peter Cooper invented the first U.S. train Failure to beat a horse in a race 1840s-first successful trains started running on 3,000 miles of track Majority of tracks were in the North/Midwest

Successes with Trains and Canals Moved goods faster than traveling down the Mississippi River Allowed Midwest farmers direct access to eastern markets Lowered the prices of goods Brought people out West to settle new lands

Samuel Morse Created the telegraph Talked using Morse code Used dots/dashes for letters Allowed for fast communication of information United the country like never before

Farming Technology John Deere’s steel-tipped plow McCormick’s Reaper Could tear through thick sod of the Great Plains McCormick’s Reaper Allowed for farmers to harvest grain faster Thresher Quickly separated the grain from the stalk

Results of Technology on Farming Increased the amount of crops grown Harvest crops faster Made farming profitable Allowed for the Midwest/Great Plains to be settled Farming moved out west allowing the north to concentrate on factories

Northern Factories Produced Started off making clothes Made shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines, and farm equipment Also made furniture and everyday household products

Working Conditions Worked over 11 hours a day Rise in accidents No laws to protect the workers Hot temps and no air conditioning in the summer Cold temps and no heat in the winter

Trade Unions Groups of people with the same job came together for better working conditions Strikes: Workers refused to work Wanted to only work 10 hours Illegal to strike until 1842

African American Workers Little slavery in the North Discriminated against due to their skin color Many states did not allow non-whites to vote, go to school, and go into public buildings Most were poor

Women Workers Paid less than men in factories Discriminated against Could not join unions Not hired so men could be have the jobs

Results of the factories Increased the jobs available for uneducated people Rise of big cities/booming populations Great Lakes became a shipping hub for the U.S. Rise of river/lake cities (St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati) Rise in Immigration

Immigration-Why did people come over? Welcomed by factories Cheap labor and reduced strikes/work stoppage Irish Came over due to a potato famine in the 1840s Could not afford land to farm in U.S./worked in factories/on the railroads Germans Came over for work/escape war Settled mostly in Midwest for farming

Impact on Immigration U.S. started blending cultures, languages, religion, etc Rise in Catholic Church Cities settled by one group dominated most aspects of life Ex: What language was spoken Ex: Rules on education/how to raise children

Nativists People who opposed immigration Threatened by new people/cultures Hated immigrants for stealing jobs/working for less than Americans Accused immigrants for rise in crime/disease instead of the rise of overpopulated cities

Know-Nothing Party A nativist political party who were against Catholics Wanted strict citizenship laws Group split over the issue of slavery