Sensors ME 4135.

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Presentation transcript:

Sensors ME 4135

Sensors Are… Extremely sensitive to some aspect of the local environment (temp, sound level, motion, etc.) Extremely insensitive to all other factors Able to create a linear response to measured changes in that environmental variable Able to transduce the measurements into a useable signal

A few sensors… www.societyofrobots.com

Types of Sensors: Position/Orientation: GPS, Accelerometer, digital compass, Shaft Encoder Temperature: Bi-metallic, Thermistor, Infra-Red Sound: Microphone Object Location: IR, Accoustic (SONAR), Laser Range Finder Force/Pressure: Piezo-Resistive, Metallic Magnetic Field: Hall Effect, FerroMagnetic Optical (Vision): Camera (CCD), LIDAR

Piezoelectric Effect In certain Crystals and special ceramics, the crystaline structure deforms under pressure to produce a measurable voltage Excellent Force Transducer Reversible: V F or F  V Wikipedia.org

Draw Your Own Strain Gauge!?!? Paper in NATURE by Cheng-Wei Lin, Zhibo Zhao, Jaemyung Kim & Jiaxing Huang “Pencil Drawn Strain Gauges and Chemiresistors on Paper”

Hall Effect http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/hall-effect.html

Output From Transducers (Sensors) Analog or Digital Wired or Wireless Passive/Active (may or may not need a power supply)

Pulsed (Pulse frequency proportional to measured amplitude) Analog Signals 0-5 Vdc -5 to +5 Vdc 4-20 mA Current Pulsed (Pulse frequency proportional to measured amplitude)

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Periodically sample an Analog Sensor signal and convert it to a digital word ADC has finite precision, usually +/- ½ bit Leads to Quantization Error Accuracy also limited by linearity of measurement process, bandwidth and sampling frequency, aliasing error, etc. Accuracy usually summarized by Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)

QUANTIZATION: Quantization is determined by: Q = Span/(2R-1) - The resolution (R) of the ADC (No. of Bits) - The full-scale voltage range (span)of the input Q = Span/(2R-1) Example: 8-bit ADC with span of -5 to +5 volts: Q = 10/255 = 39.2 mV per bit

Example: Let’s Look at applying a temperature sensor, AD590 to an ATMEGA328 ADC port: ATMEGA: 10-Bit resolution, +/- ½ bits, Span = 0-5 Volts Analog Devices AD 590: Output: 1 uA per Kelvin, terminated by a 10 k-ohm resistor

Calculations: ADC Resolution: Measureable Temperature Range: Temperature Resolution:

Standard Sensor configuration: PNP vs NPN PNP: The sensor is the “SOURCE” of power to the PLC NPN: The sensor is the “SINK” of power from the PLC