Immune cell activation detected by gene expression in representative pancreatic islets of IDDM rats after successful combination therapy with anti–TNF-α.

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Immune cell activation detected by gene expression in representative pancreatic islets of IDDM rats after successful combination therapy with anti–TNF-α and anti-TCR. Immune cell activation detected by gene expression in representative pancreatic islets of IDDM rats after successful combination therapy with anti–TNF-α and anti-TCR. Gene expression levels (in situ RT-PCR) were determined for proinflammatory cytokines Tnf (A), Il1b (B), the CD8 marker Gzmb (C), and the apoptotic marker Casp3 (D). Islets from rats that had returned to normoglycemia after combination therapy with anti–TNF-α and anti-TCR were compared with islets from untreated acutely diabetic animals. The dashed lines highlight the borders of the islets. Photomicrographs are representative for 80 islets analyzed in each group. Numbers of pancreases analyzed as given in Fig. 1. Anne Jörns et al. Diabetes 2015;64:2880-2891 ©2015 by American Diabetes Association