Mutations 1) Gene Mutations = change in pattern of DNA bases

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Mutations 1) Gene Mutations = change in pattern of DNA bases 2) Chromosome Mutations = a) change in # of chromosomes b) pieces of chromosomes missing e) extra pieces of chromosome

Mutations Can be fatal…. Can be harmful = protein does not work or works poorly Can be neutral = protein works or is not essential Can be beneficial

Gene Mutation Types I. Point Mutations = 1 base changed a) Substitutions = trading bases (may not change amino acid) b) Frameshift mutations = change all codons that follow the mutation 1) insertions = add 1 base 2) deletions = remove 1 base

Substitution – UUU  UUC

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Frameshifts ∆ all following codons: ruin protein THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THF ATC ATA TET HER AT THH EFA TCA TAT ETH ERA

Tandem repeats Entire sequence of DNA is repeated over and over THE FAT FAT FAT FAT FAT

Faulty proteins End too soon Do not fold properly Do not function

Causes of Mutation 1) Spontaneous = error in replication 2) Mutagens = chemicals, radiation a) Carcinogens b) U-V radiation