Smad3-KO adipose tissues have increased FA uptake and β-oxidation. Smad3-KO adipose tissues have increased FA uptake and β-oxidation. A: Relative fold change in mRNA level of the indicated genes in WT and KO adipose tissue as determined by qPCR. Values are normalized to ribosomal protein L27. Normalized values from WT mice were arbitrarily assigned a value of 1. Only genes with twofold or greater change in expression are presented. Values represent mean ± SEM, n= 3/group. Primer sequences are summarized in Supplementary Table 1. B: Immunoblot analysis of indicated proteins in WT and KO adipose tissues. β-Tubulin was used as loading and transfer control. Representative blots from two mice for each genotype are shown. C–F: The rate of [14C]palmitate uptake (C), [14C]palmitate incorporation into triglycerides (D), lipolysis (E), and [14C]palmitate oxidation (F) at the indicated time points of adipocytes freshly isolated from the epididymal fat pads of WT and KO mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, n= 3/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. WT controls. Chek Kun Tan et al. Diabetes 2011;60:464-476 ©2011 by American Diabetes Association