Carbohydrates What’s the difference between these foods? All the same molecules of glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates General Formula: Cx(H2O)z Single bonds (C-H, C-C, C-O) Types of carbohydrate molecules Simple sugars Mono- and di-saccharides Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose Glycogen Polysaccharides are synonymous with complex carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates Main energy source for humans Formed by photosynthesis in plants Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide (1 sugar) Disaccharide (2 sugars linked in a chain) Polysaccharide (>2 sugars linked in a chain) Humans MUST use carbohydrates for energy in our central nervous system (can’t use fat)

Carbohydrate – Monosaccharides Two most common Glucose Primary storage form of energy in human body Fructose Main sugar found in most plants Others types consumed Galactose (from mammalian milk) Fun fact: lactose (glucose and galactose) TOLERANCE is actually a recessive trait.

Carbohydrate – Disaccharides Sucrose

Dehydration Synthesis - Sucrose

Complex Carbohydrates Polymers of the simple sugars Long chains of simple sugars bonded together - polysaccharides

Starch – polysaccharide Chain Starch is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose It’s long chain of glucose molecules joined together It is plants way to store glucose

Glycogen – a branched polysaccharide Glycogen is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose It’s a branched chain of glucose molecules joined together It is the human body’s way to store glucose in liver and muscle

Cellulose – a cross-linked polysaccharide Made by plants Cross linking adds rigidity Hydrogen bonding occurs between cellulose polymers Forms cell wall – used for support in plants Animals can’t digest Cellulose 1500 linked beta glucose molecules

Polysaccharide Comparison