860 Byzantines defeat Viking attack 867-86 Reign of Basil I 894-927 Byzantines repeatedly defeat attacks by Bulgars 907 Byzantines defeat prince of Kiev
966 Byzantines under John Tzmiskes (r. 969-76) wage campaign against Bulgars 976-1025 Reign of Basil II Bulgaroctonus (the Bulgar-slayer), who completes subdual of Bulgars Between 930 and 970 Byzantines take most of Syria and Palestine from Muslims 961 Byzantines take Crete from Muslims
Byzantine Renaissance Plato Aristotle Neoplatonism Symeon (the New Theologian, c. 949-1022) 1055-56 Reign of Empress Theodora. After death of Theodora, Byzantine Empire descends into civil war, while various E. European states shake off Byzantine control Saljuqs/Seljüks
1031 Collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba Late 11th c. Unification of most of Christian Spain into kingdoms of Leon-Castile and Aragon-Navarre 1085 Troops from Leon-Castile take Toledo 1086 Berber Almoravids invade Spain, defeat Christians 1139 Creation of Kingdom of Portugal
Compostela James the Elder (Santiago) Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile (r. 1065-1109) Council of Burgos, 1080
Tribal/Stem Dukes of Saxony, Franconia, Lorraine, Swabia and Bavaria
911-18 Reign of Conrad of Franconia 919-36 Reign of Henry the Fowler of Saxony 936-73 Reign of Otto I (the Great), who soon brings Franconia under his control 937 Otto seizes Burgundy 951 Otto conquers Lombardy 962 Otto crowned as emperor
973-83 Reign of Otto II Holy Roman Empire 983-1002 Reign of Otto III Theophano Gerbert of Aurillac/Sylvester II (p. 999-1003) 1002-24 Reign of Henry II 1024-39 Reign of Conrad II of Franconia (Salian Dynasty) ministeriales 1039-56 Reign of Henry III
986-87 Reign of Louis V 987-96 Reign of Hugh Capet (Capetians) Ile de France
996-1031 Reign of Robert II the Pious 1031-60 Reign of Henry I 1060-1108 Reign of Philip I