The Water Planet Chapter 5 (pp. 183-211)

Section 1 Objectives State how people and other living things use water. Why is water important for life? Describe how Earth’s water is distributed. Where is the Salt water and freshwater found? Explain how Earth’s water moves through the water cycle What are the steps in the water cycle?

I. Water on Earth Importance of WATER All living things need water for their life PROCESSES Break down food, grow, reproduce, etc… A HABITAT is where an organism LIVES and gets the things it needs WATER habitats contain MORE types of organisms than LAND habitats.

B. Where Water is Found Earth’s surface is about 30% land and 70% water SALTWATER (oceans) account for almost all of this (97% of the TOTAL water on Earth). 3% of our water is FRESHWATER (drinkable). 2% of this freshwater is FROZEN and unusable (POLAR ice caps) MOST of the remaining 1% is called GROUNDWATER…it has soaked into the GROUND. The SMALLEST amount of freshwater can be found in LAKES, PONDS, and the ATMOSPHERE (water VAPOR) The amount of water found on Earth is CONSTANT

Major Freshwater Sources & Oceans

P. 188 – do the math!

C. The Water Cycle…Earth’s RECYCLING system for water Five Main Parts: EVAPORATION – When a LIQUID absorbs ENERGY and turns into a GAS (we call gaseous water WATER VAPOR) TRANSPIRATION – water vapor given off through the LEAVES of PLANTS CONDENSATION – water vapor that COOLS and turns back into a LIQUID (this is how we get CLOUDS) PRECIPITATION – LIQUID or SOLID water that falls to Earth (RAIN, SNOW, sleet, hail, etc…) RUNNOFF – when water DRAINS away from an area of LAND, usually into ANOTHER water source (RIVER, lake, or OCEAN)

Label the Parts of the Water Cycle on p. 190-191 of your book

Objective Check 1 Why do organisms require water in order to survive? Identify the two types of water found on Earth and where they are located in the largest and smallest amounts: What is the water cycle and how does it work?

Lesson 2 Objectives Tell what a river system is. Explain how ponds and lakes form. Describe the changes that occur in ponds and lakes

II. Surface Water RIVER System – a RIVER, and all the STREAMS and smaller RIVERS that flow into it, that eventually empty into a LAKE or OCEAN (3 parts): TRIBUTARIES – smaller STREAMS or rivers that FEED a larger one WATERSHED – (a.k.a. DRAINAGE BASIN) a LAND area that supplies water to a RIVER system through TRIBUTARIES, RUNOFF, etc… DIVIDES – a RIDGE (high elevation) that SEPARATES different WATERSHEDS.

Watersheds…are they important? Click the Picture to Learn More!

B. PONDS and LAKES (a.k.a. STANDING water) Defined as water that COLLECTS in LOW-LYING areas POND – small and SHALLOW enough for LIGHT to reach the BOTTOM This causes lots of PLANTS to grow there LAKE – LARGER and DEEPER with FEW plants at the BOTTOM. There are FIVE ways a lake can FORM that we will study.

2. Lakes (Cont’d) OXBOW lake – formed when a MEANDERING (or “curving”) stream STRAIGHTENS cutting off one of its LOOPS Glacial Lakes – depressions created by GLACIERS Example: the GREAT Lakes RIFT valleys – created when earth’s CRUST moves (tectonic shifts) VOLCANIC activity – LAVA or mud flows BLOCK a river or empty CRATER RESERVOIR – MANMADE lake created for human use (DAM) i. EAGLE Creek Reservoir is an example

C. Lakes CHANGE both NATURALLY and because of HUMANS Click me to watch an ANIMATION! EUTROPHICATION…a slow process when occurring NATURALLY BACTERIA break down dead lake organisms and release NUTRIENTS into the water ALGAE starts growing very FAST because the increase in FOOD (from dead organisms) The ALGAE cover the TOP of the lake and block SUNLIGHT…this KILLS the plants (who make OXYGEN) and then the other ANIMALS living in the water. DEAD and DECAYING organisms fill the bottom of the lake making it more SHALLOW. It eventually FILLSIN completely and a MEADOW grows over the TOP HUMANS speed up the process with FERTILIZERS and RUNOFF!

Objectives Check 2 What is a river system? Describe three ways that a pond or lake could form: What is eutrophication and how does it affect ponds and lakes? How do humans contribute to this?

Lesson 3 Objectives Identify characteristics of the ocean and ocean water Identify the features and main sections of the ocean floor

III. Exploring the Ocean Ocean Conditions SALINITY – TOTAL amount of dissolved SALT in water Ocean water is about 3.5% salts SALT causes water’s FREEZING point to DECREASE Salt causes water’s DENSITY to INCREASE Salty water SINKS in pure water. TEMPERATURE is highest at the EQUATOR and decreases as you move to the POLES. (water is about room temp. at the EQUATOR) WARM water is LESS dense than COLD water (WARM floats)

A. Ocean Conditions Cont’d DEPTH TEMPERATURE decreases the DEEPER you go There are THREE temperature zones: SURFACE zone  0 to o.5 km… WARMEST at about 16OC (about the temp of tap water) TRANSITION zone  0.5 to 1 km…about 4oC DEEP zone  1 km to BOTTOM…about 3.5oc PRESSURE increases as you go DOWN (about 1 bar per 10 meters)

B. Features of the Ocean Floor CONTINENTAL shelf  gentle SLOPING, shallow area extending outward from the edge of a CONTINENT Continental RIDGE  steep EDGE of a SHELF that drops off to the ocean FLOOR. Abyssal PLAIN  bottom of the OCEAN that is a broad flat PLAIN Mid-ocean RIDGE  long CHAIN of underwater MOUNTAINS where NEW sea floor ERRUPTS Sea MOUNTS  underwater VOLCANIC mountains (usually near a RIDGE) TRENCHES  long, deep VALLEYS in the ocean floor where old CRUST sinks back toward Earth’s CORE

P. 204-205 (Label the parts of the ocean bottom)

Objectives Check 3 Name different factors that affect saltwater’s density, temperature, and pressure: Describe three of the five features found on the ocean’s floor:

Lesson 4 Objectives Identify what causes surface currents and explain how surface currents affect climate. Identify the causes of deep currents and describe the effects that deep currents have.

IV. Currents and Climate CURRENT – MOVING water that FLOWS through the ocean at either the SURFACE or DEEP

B. SURFACE currents Caused by the WIND CORIOLIS effect – the effect earth’s ROTATION has on WIND direction and ocean CURRENTS In the NORTHERN hemisphere they curve RIGHT (clockwise) In the SOUTHERN hemisphere they curve LEFT (counterclockwise) Gulf STREAM – located in the NORTH Atlantic Ocean Carries WARM water from the GULF and CARRIBEAN sea up the EAST coast of U.S. It influences the CLIMATE by COOLING or WARMING the air ABOVE it.

B. SURFACE currents Cont’d EL NINO – changes in WIND patterns and CURRENTS that influence CLIMATE Occurs every 2 to 7 years when WARM water moves toward SOUTH America and PREVENTS cold water from RISING to the surface. Causes abnormal weather in the UNITED STATES (warm winters, heavy rains, tornadoes) LA NINA – OPPOSITE of el Niño EASTERN waters COOL Causes COLDER winters and MORE precipitation (FLOODING)

C. DEEP Currents Caused by DENSITY differences WARM surface currents move toward POLES As ice forms SALINITY increases from salt left behind Salty water is MORE dense and SINKS As it SINKS it flows back toward the EQUATOR as a DEEP current. This circulates HEAT energy and impacts our CLIMATE It circulates OXYGEN and impacts marine LIFE

Objectives Check 4 What is a surface current and how does it form? How do these currents effect climate and weather? What is a deep current and how does it form? What do these currents impact and how?