C Programming Mr. KAJAL MAJI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS B.B. COLLEGE ASANSOL

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol What is C Program? A sequence of logically related instructions that enables the computer to perform a complete task is known as a program. A computer can only understand instructions written in binary form i.e. 0 and 1. A program written in binary form is referred to as machine language. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Two types of language are used 1. Low level language 2. High level language Low level language are machine and assembly languages. High level language are FORTRAN, COBOL etc. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol What is Compiler? A high level language is translated into machine language by using a program in the memory. A computer program written in high level language is known as source program. This program when translated into machine language is called an object program. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Character, Identifiers and Keywords Characters: A to Z, lowercase letters a to z. The digit 0 t0 9. Special characters: #,@,&,%,(),*, ; etc. Combinations characters \b,\n, \t, etc Keywords: auto, char, else, for, float, goto, int, if, retrun, void, while, const. Identifiers: gross, sum , name, area, name. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Variables Variables refer the objects that can be stored in computer’s memory locations. Variables are named (identifiers). Variables must be declared and initialized. Variables can store data of various types. Some basic data types are char characters (1/2 bytes) int integers (2/4 bytes) float rationals (4 bytes) double rationals(8 bytes Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Declaration Declarations have form type var1, var2, var3; Merely announces the data type to be associated with a variable Examples char name; int a,b; float c,d; Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Array An array is a collective name of variables of the same data type. The individual variable making up an array is called an element of the array. Example: roll[1], roll[1]……….roll[20] Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Operators and Expressions An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations of data variables. There are five types of operators: 1. Arithmetic operators 2. Relational operators 3. logical operators 4. Assignment operators 5. Unary operators Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Arithmetic operators + addition - subtraction * multiplication / division % percentage Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Relational operators a>b a greater than b a>=b a greater than or equal to b a< b a less than b a<=b a less than or equal to b a==b a equal to b a ! =b a equal to b Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol logical operators && logical AND ‖ logical OR ! logical NOT Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Assignment operators x= x+3 x+=3 x=x-3 x-=3 x=x*(n+2) x*=n+2 x=x/3 x/=3 x=x%3 x%=3 Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Unary operators ++x or x++ increments x by 1 -- x or x-- decrements x by 1 -x negates the value of x Example; x=4; y= ++x; y=5; Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Library Functions main (): Every c program must have function main() which may access (call) other function thus main () is a calling function. Input and output function: get char: Input function variable name= getchar (); scanf : Input function scanf(“control string”, argument1); Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Example: int x; float y; scanf(“%d,%f”,&x,&y); putchar: output function. putchar(ch); printf: output function. printf(“control string”, argument 1); printf(“%d %f”,x,y); Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol If-else statement It is used to carry out a logical test and then take one of two possible actions depending on the outcome of the test. if (test expression) statement 1 else statement 2 Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Example: y=x4 if x>2 = x+3 otherwise C-program: …………….. if (x>2) y=pow(x,4); else y=x+3 ……………… Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Looping In C language looping cab be done by using while, do while and for statements 1. while loop: while (test condition) { body of the loop } Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Example: ……… sum=0; n=1; while (n<=100) { sum=sum+m; n=n+1; } Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol 2. Do while loop: do { body of the loop } while (test condition) Example: int num=0; printf(“%d\n”,num); ++num; while(num<=11) Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol 3. for loop: for( initialization; test condition; increment) { body of the loop } Example: ………. for (i=0; i<4;i++) printf(“%d”.i); Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Algorithm and Flowchart To write a program for a particular problem one must fully understand the nature of the problem, the kind of data to be given as input, kind of outputs need and the constraints and conditions under which the program has to operate. Depending on these one has to decide a solution procedure. Flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Example: Let us consider the algorithm and flowchart for the problem of finding the larger of two numbers. Algorithm: Step 1 : Start the process by declaring two variables a and b. Step 2 : Give the inputs and store them in the Step 3 : Check, if a>b. If the answer is ‘yes’, go to step 4. Otherwise go to step 5. Step 4 : Print “a is greater than b” and go to step 6. Step 5 : Print “b is greater than a” and go to step 6. Step 6 : Stop. Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Flowchart: Start Declare variables a,b Input a,b and store their values Is a>b? NO Yes Print Print b>a a>b Stop Stop Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Example: Area of the Sphere #include<stdio.h> main() { float r=5, Area; Area= 4*3.41*r*r; printf(“The area of the sphere is %f\n”,area); } Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol

Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol Example: Matrix #include<stdio.h> main() { int a=1,i,j,m, n,mat[10][10]; printf("Enter the row numbers : \t"); scanf("%d",&m); printf("Enter the columb numbers : \t"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the elements of the matrix :\t"); for(i=0;i<m;i++) for(j=0;j<n;j++) scanf("%d",& mat[i][j]); printf("The given matrix is: \n"); printf("%d\t",mat[i][j]); printf("\n"); } Dept. of Physics, B.B.College Asansol