PART-III 500 – 1500 Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: , 500 – 1500 Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Moment

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement Themes Development and Transformation of Social Structures Explores the social distinctions among nomadic pastoralists Political Structures: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict Covers the political rule of the Mongol Empires in China, Persia, and Russia Interactions Between Humans and the Environment Describes the global spread of the bubonic plague

Chapter-11: MORE SPICE Development and Interaction of Cultures Examines how cultural exchange promoted Mongol hegemony in Asia Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic systems Addresses the new world economy of the Mongol era

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement AP Tip….. The Mongol Empire is a central topic in AP World History because of its tremendous geographic scope, and influence on a broad sweep of history. The rise of the Mongols represents a watershed moment for the history of several Eurasian regions including China, the Middle East, Russia, and especially Central Asia.

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement Learning Objectives To become aware of the significance of pastoral societies in world history To examine the conditions of nomadic life To investigate the impact of the Mongol Empire on world history To consider the implications of the Eurasian trade sponsored by the Mongols

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement Refresher: What is a “pastoral society”? Many early societies made use of both plants and animals, but “in some regions where farming was difficult or impossible, ……some people came to depend far more extensively on their animals”. Animal husbandry was a “distinct form of food-producing economy”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAFnxV2GYRU

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement What are the standard features of pastoral Societies? Less productive than agricultural societies Needed large grazing areas Smaller populations than agricultural societies Lived in encampments of related kinfolk. Usually common ancestry in the male line Clans sometimes gathered as tribes, absorbing unrelated people More egalitarian than sedentary societies; sometimes distinguished between nobles and commoners.

The Long History of Pastoral Nomads A. Economies focused on livestock started around 4000 B.C.E. 1. horses, sheep, goats, reindeer, yaks, cattle 2. pastoral regions a. grasslands of Eurasia (Steppe) and sub-Saharan Af. b. subarctic regions Tibetan plateau c. not in Americas: lack of large animals B. World of Pastoral societies 1. needed large grazing areas and had smaller nomadic pop. 2. lived in camps of kinfolk, ancestry based on males 3. clans sometimes had unrelated people and was a tribe 4. more egalitarian than sedentary societies but sometimes divided between nobles and commoners

The Long History of Pastoral Nomads 5. pastor. connected to agr. neighbors a. sought food, man. goods, and lux. items b. inner Eurasia desire for man. goods led to nomadic tribes to move further 6. formation of nomadic states was difficult a. whole state would become warriors and states would last as long as wealth flowed from agr. societies 7. cult. interaction w/ agr. lands a. inner Eurasian nomads adopted Judaism, Christ., and Islam sometimes 8. mastered environments unsuitable for agr.

INNER EURASIA

The Long History of Pastoral Nomads 9. life changed for nomads in inner Eurasia after intro. of horseback riding around 1000 B.C.E. C. Before the Mongols: 1. mounted warfare made nomadic empires possible 2. the Xiongnu (in Mongolian steppe) formed a confederacy from Manchuria to Cent. Asia in 400-300 B.C.E. a. they created a centralized pol. system b. took tribute from other nomads and from China c. Xiongnu Emp. model was copied later by Turkic and Mongol Empires

EMPIRE OF ATTILA THE HUN (439-469)

The Long History of Pastoral Nomads D. The Arabs and Turks 1. Nomads made biggest impact on history from 500- 1500 a. Arabs, Turks, and Mongols had biggest emp. b. Islam derived from nomads and spread by Turks c. Byz., Persia, and China all controlled at some point by nomads 2. Bedouin Arabs became effective fighters w/ dom. of camel a. made trade routes avail. in Arabia(500-100 B.C.E.) b. camel nomads helped spread Islam by force 3. Turkic-speaking nomads (Mongolia and S. Siberia) a. gradual southward/westward spread b. spread Turkic lang. and cult. across Inner Asia and more

The Long History of Pastoral Nomads c. Turkic emp converts to Islam between 10th and 14th cent. C.E. d. Seljuk emp. (11th thru 12th cent.) Turks begin to claim the Muslim title Sultan that had lots of power in Islamic societies e. Seljuk Turks carried Islam to India and Anatolia

II. Breakout: The Mongol Empire A. Mongols formed greatest land-based emp. in hist. following their breakout from Mongolia in 13th cent. 1. linked nomads of Inner Eurasia (steppe) with agr. civiliz. 2. created greater contact between Eur., China, and Islamic world than ever before and only had pop. of 700,000 3. did not have a major cult. impact on world a. did not try to spread their ancestor worship or shamanism to others b. interested in exploiting conquered ppls. c. Mongol cult. confined in present to Mongolia d. Mongols were last great nomadic state

II. Breakout: The Mongol Empire B. Rise of Mongol Emp. 1. Temujin(1162-1227) created Mongol Emp. 2. Before him they were feuding clans and tribes 3. Temujin’s rise a. father was a minor chieftain, but was murdered before Temujin turned 10. b. mother held family together when clan deserted them c. in his late teens, Temujin had a small following that allied with a more powerful tribal leader d. got a reputation as a great leader after alliances and betrayals led to military victories

II. Breakout: The Mongol Empire 4. 1206: Temujin is named Genghis (universal ruler) by tribal assembly 5. He begins expansion as a way to unite Mongol tribes a. attack on China in 1209 started a 50 yr. war b. Genghis/sons/grandsons create an empire that includes China, Cent. Asia, Korea, Russia, most of the Middle East, and E. Europe C. Explaining the Mongol moment 1. Genghis sees conquest as a way to unite the entire world 2. Mongols were vastly outnumbered by enemies, but good luck and timing play a role in conquests 3. China divided and Abbasid caliphate was in decline

THE SCOPE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE

II. Breakout: The Mongol Empire 4. Key to success was well-led army a. mil. units of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 b. conquered tribes scattered among mil. c. tribalism was weakened by creation of a large army d. all members of unit killed if one deserted in battle e. leaders of units fought alongside common soldiers f. crafty tactics like encirclement, retreat, and deception g. conquered peoples absorbed into army 5. Since Mongols destroyed entire societies that resisted, many regions would surrender without a fight 6. Bureaucracy: taxes, relay points for communication, free trade, freedom of rel., foreigners promoted in Mongol gov.

MONGOL ARMY

III. Comparing Three Cases of Mongol Conquest A. China 1. Conquest of China lasted from 1209-1279 2. started in N. China and conquest of S. China not as violent 3. Mongols unified China by making people believe that Mongols had been granted a Mandate of Heaven 4. Mongols learned Chinese way of agr. a. named their dynasty Yuan (great beginnings in Chinese) b. new capital near Beijing: Khanbalik (city of the Khan) 5. Khubilai Khan (r. 1271-1294) copied policies that were sim. to a benevolent Chinese emp. 6. Mongol rule was still exploitative and foreign a. Mongols did not become Chinese

YUAN DYNASTY/MONGOL RULE IN CHINA

III. Comparing Three Cases of Mongol Conquest b. “Forbidden City in capital looked like the steppe c. relied on foreigners for gov instead of using Chinese system, and most Mongols did not speak lang. d. Mongol law discriminated against Chinese and Mongol women were more free than Chinese. 7. by 1368, Mongols forced out of China B. Persia and Mongols 1. first invasion led by Genghis 1219-1221 and 2nd led by his grandson (1251-1258) 2. invasion shook faith of Muslims b/c they were invaded by infidels. 3. sacking of Baghdad in 1258 ended Abbasid Caliphate

III. Comparing Three Cases of Mongol Conquest 3. Mongols influenced more by Persia than by China a. use of Persian bureaucracy b. Mongol ruler Ghazan tried to repair damage to Persia c. large scale conversion to Islam and elites spoke lang. d. Mongols used Persian agr. 4. Mongol dyn. collapsed there in 1330’s C. Russia and Mongols 1. Invasion from 1237-1240 and since Russia was divided into states, could not unite to stop attack. 2. Cities were destroyed and skilled workers were deported to other areas in emp. 3. Mongol emp called Golden Horde by Russians

III. Comparing Three Cases of Mongol Conquest a. Mongols did not occupy Russia b. collected taxes and raided for slaves 4. some princes and Orthodox church flourished 5. Moscow rose to power b/c Mongols went there for tribute 6. Mongol rulers rarely imitated Russ. cult. 7. Russians adopted Mongol weapons, tax syst., and mil. draft 8. Russia broke free of Mongols by end of 15th cent.

IV. Mongol Emp. as a Eurasian Network A. Toward a World Ec. 1. Mongols were not active traders but they allowed intern. trade as a source of tax revenue 2. it was safe to travel across Cent. Asia and trade in Mongol emp. increased trade in all of Afro-Eurasia B. Diplomacy on a Eurasian Scale 1. Mongols in E. Eur. led the pope and Eur. rulers to reach out and work for peace. 2. Persian and Chinese rulers became close and met often C. Cultural Exchange in Mongol Emp. 1. thousands of craftsmen and educate moved all over emp. 2. Mongol rel. tolerance attracted foreign traders

MONGOL TRADE ROUTES

IV. Mongol Emp. as a Eurasian Network 3. westward flow of cult. ideas a. Chinese tech and art b. Muslim astronomy spreads to China and crops circulate c. Europe benefits from increased contact w/ Asia D. The Plague 1. Bubonic Plague (Black Death) spreads on Mongol trade routes starting in 1331 2. In 1346, some hist. claim Mongols catapult corpses into Eur armies in a battle in Ukraine 3. Changed Eur. society a. labor shortages led to a decrease in serfdom b. tech inventions b/c of necessity/ more jobs for women

PLAGUE MOVES EAST TO WEST

IV. Mongol Emp. as a Eurasian Network 4. Plague led to downfall of Mongols in 14th and 15th cent a. trade reduced w/ pop. b. by 1350 Mongols were almost in disarray c. within a cent. Mongols lost control of China/Persia and Russ. d. Central Asian trade routes collapse 5. disruption of land routes led to Eur. looking for sea routes a. Eur. naval tech gave them an advantage b. Europeans of 16th cent. can be compared to Mongols b/c they were people who lived on the outside of trade routes who would go on to conquer and plunder places that were wealthier than them.

Chapter-11 Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage: The Mongol Movement Using a physical map of Eurasia, please locate the territory of the following groups of pastoral nomads before the Mongols: Scythians Bedouin Xiongnu Masai Huns Magyars Turks Mongols Tibetans Lapps