The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Macromolecules 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities.
Advertisements

(carbon-based compounds)
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Warm-Up What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
Biology 112 Chapter 5 Macromolecules. All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and.
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Biomolecules Any molecule produced by a living organism
Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
1 Biology I. 2 Organic Compounds  Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic compounds.  Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 
Introduction to Orgo  Organic chem – the study of C based compounds (must have both C & H)  Why Carbon ?  It’s versatile!  4 valence electrons (4.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
Organic Chemistry (Chapter 3) Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
Biological Molecules. Life is carbon-based chemistry Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids.
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells By Dr. Par Mohammadian Overview: -Carbon atom -Functional Groups -Major Biomolecules.
4.A.1 Biomolecules The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule. Read chapter 5 and complete.
1 Biochemistry of Cells Copyright Cmassengale. 2 Water Water is used in most reactions in the body Water is called the universal solvent Copyright Cmassengale.
Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
Organic Chemistry Organic compounds contain the element carbon Occur naturally only in living organisms or in their products Out of the 92 elements found.
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules.
4.A.1 Biomolecules The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
Macromolecules.
Unit 4.A 1 – Biomolecules.
copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules “The molecules of life”
Notes: Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds
AP Bio Chapter 3 Organic chemistry.
Ch. 4&5 important information
Warm-Up What are the 4 classes of macromolecules? Give an example of each. Draw and label the parts of an amino acid. How are 2 amino acids put together?
Macromolecules.
KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Polymers Most macromolecules are polymers build from monomers.
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Copyright Cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules.
Steroid Structure.
Ch. 3b Warm-Up What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 
copyright cmassengale
Biochemistry - Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 
Macromolecules Mr. Nichols Coronado HS.
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules.
copyright cmassengale
Bio-Macromolecules.
Macromolecules.
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules.
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Macromolecules.
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Presentation transcript:

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Polymers are long chain molecules of repeating subunits called monomers. Examples: Starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers. Proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers.

Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers Dehydration reactions create polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water. Example: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2O Hydrolysis occurs when water is added to split large molecules. This occurs in the reverse of the above reaction.

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Carbohydrates include both simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.) and polymers such as starch made from these and other subunits. All carbohydrates exist in a ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O. Monosaccharides are the monomer of carbohydrates. Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) and ribose (C5H10O5). Notice the 1:2:1 ratio. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Examples: starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Two functions of polysaccharides are energy storage and structural support. Energy-storage of polysaccharides Starch is a storage polysaccharide found in plants (e.g. potatoes). Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animals, vertebrate muscle cells and liver cells. Structural support polysaccharides Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. Chitin is found in exoskeleton of arthropods, such as lobsters and insects and the cell walls of fungi. It gives cockroaches their “crunch”.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Lipids are hydrophobic. They aren’t polymers, as they are assembled from a variety of components. Examples: waxes, oils, fats, and steroids. Fats (also called triglycerides) are made up of glycerol molecules and three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acids include hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths. These change are nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Saturated Fatty Acids Have no double bonds between carbons Tend to pack solidly at room temperature Are linked to cardiovascular disease Are commonly produced by animals Examples: butter and lard Unsaturated fatty acids Have some C=C (carbon double bonds); this results in kinks Tend to be liquid at room temperature Are commonly produced by plants Examples: corn oil and olive oil

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Function of Lipids Energy storage. Fats store twice as many calories/gram as carbohydrates! Protection of vital organs and insulation. In humans and other mammals, fat is stored in adipose cells.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Phospholipids make up cell membranes. They Have a glycerol backbone (head) which is hydrophilic Have two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic Are arranged in a bilayer in forming the cell membrane, with the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the watery cytosol or extracellular environment, and hydrophobic tails sandwiched in between.

Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Steroids are made up of four rings that are fused together. Cholesterol is a steroid. It is a common component of the cell membrane. Estrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins are polymers made up of amino acid monomers. Amino acids contain a central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom and an R group (variable group or side chain). Peptide bonds link amino acids. They are formed by dehydration synthesis.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions There are four levels of protein structure. Primary structure is the unique sequence in which the amino acids are joined.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Secondary structure refers to one of two three-dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding. Alpha (α) helix is a coiled shape, much like a slinky. Beta (β) pleated sheet is an accordion shape.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Tertiary structure results in a complex globular shape, due to interactions between R groups, such as hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Quaternary structure refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein. Hemoglobin is a globular protein with quaternary structure as it is composed of four chains.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Protein shape is crucial to protein function When a protein does not fold properly, its function is changed. This can be the result of a single amino acid substitution, such as that seen in the abnormal hemoglobin typical of sickle-cell disease.

Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Chaperonins are protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells. They provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide chain may attain final conformation. A protein is denatured when it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, change in pH, or some other disturbance.

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two nucleic acids. Their monomers are nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three parts. Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) Pentose (5-carbon) sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA) Phosphate group

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information DNA is the molecule of heredity. It is a double stranded helix. Its nucleotides are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine nucleotides will hydrogen bond to thymine nucleotides, and cytosine to guanine.

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information RNA is single-stranded. Its nucleotides are adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Note that it doesn’t have thymine.