Mutations Big Q: What are mutations? Big Q: How do mutations affect genes?

ENgage - Telephone Can we get the message through the whole class without a mistake? Pretend this happened with DNA when it was being copied from one cell to the next. What would happen?

Explain - Mutations Mutations - heritable changes in genetic information Can occur in both genes or whole chromosomes: 1. Gene Mutations - incorrect genes in the code 2. Chromosomal Mutations - abnormalities to chromosome number or shape

Explain - Gene Mutations Point Mutations - gene mutations are called point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA Types: 1. Substitutions - one base is changed to a different base 2. Insertions - insertion of one base 3. Deletions - deletion of one base Insertions and deletions are also known as frameshift mutations because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message

Elaborate - Read the Sequence THEBOYSAWTHETANDOGRUN Insertion - THEBOYSAWATHETANDOGRUN Deletion - THEBOYSAWTETANDOGRUN Substitution - THEBOYSAWTANTHEDOGRUN

Explore - What do these mean? Define the following: Delete - Invert - Duplicate -

Explain - Chromosomal Mutations Types of mutations: 1. Deletion- loss of all or part of chromosome 2. Inversion - reverse direction of DNA in chromosome 3. Duplication - extra copy of part or all of a chromosome 4. Translocation - crossing over of chromosomes

Elaborate - Modeling Mutations Model frameshift mutations and substitutions with words and sentences. ****Answer all questions on your Quick Lab Worksheet

Explain - Effects of Mutations Mutagens - chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations Two Types: 1. Harmful Mutagens - change protein structure 2. Helpful Mutagens - enhance protein function Polyploidy - extra set of chromosomes