T.D.V. Cooke, M.A., M.B., B.Chir., F.R.C.S. (c) 

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Static knee alignment and its association with radiographic knee osteoarthritis  T.D.V. Cooke, M.A., M.B., B.Chir., F.R.C.S. (c)  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  Volume 15, Issue 7, Pages 844-845 (July 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.017 Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Diagram of the lower limb alignment as indicated by the Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) angles. Showing varus (-ve HKA), neutral and valgus (+ve HKA) alignment. In neutral the femoral (FM) and Tibial (TM) axes are co-linear with the load bearing axis (LBA). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 844-845DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.017) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Diagram illustrating a varus limb alignment with the angular features of articular geometry. Key FM-FS Femoral mechanical - Femoral Shaft angle; CH condylar hip angle; CP Condylar Plateau angle; PA plateau ankle angle. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 844-845DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.017) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Graphical illustration of the plotted relationship between the Total Score (sum of joint space, femoral osteophytes, tibial erosion and subluxation) and the Hip-Knee-Ankle (HKA) angle as measured from zero (180 degrees). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15, 844-845DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.017) Copyright © 2007 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions