The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway showing mutations identified in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). The mitogen-activated.

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The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway showing mutations identified in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway showing mutations identified in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). TKR: tyrosine kinase receptor; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; MEK: MAPK kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Under physiological conditions, MAPK is activated through binding growth factors to the TKR. The phosphorylation of downstream factors ultimately results in the translocation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 into the nucleus and the activation of transcription for genes involved in cell activation. The MAPK pathway is constitutively activated downstream of each mutated factor. Gwenaël Lorillon, and Abdellatif Tazi Eur Respir Rev 2017;26:170070 ©2017 by European Respiratory Society