March on Washington The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally in Washington, D.C., August 28, 1963. Organized by the Big Five of CR organizations: SNCC NAACP SCLC CORE And the Negro Urban League

Dr. King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech for racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial. Over 250,000 marchers. About 80% were Af Am. The march is credited as helping to pass the CR Act of 1964 & the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

“I Have A Dream” Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream…. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.“… I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice…will transform into an oasis of freedom and justice… I have a dream today!

SNCC Leader John Lewis’ Speech “We march today for jobs and freedom, but we have nothing to be proud of, for hundreds and thousands of our brothers are not here—for they have no money for their transportation, for they are receiving starvation wages…or no wages at all… We come here today with a great sense of misgiving… In good conscience, we cannot support wholeheartedly the administration's civil rights bill, for it is too little and too late... I want to know, which side is the federal government on?...

Civil Rights Act of 1964 A landmark piece of legislation in the U.S. Outlawed racial segregation in schools, at work, and in public facilities Far-reaching consequences – gay/lesbian rights, bilingual education, women’s rights, etc

Mississippi Freedom Summer A 1964 CR campaign by SNCC Brought more than a thousand of Northerners, black and white, to Mississippi. Along with Mississippians, worked on voter registration and community education.

Wanted to bring attention to Mississippi, the most segregated and violent state in the South Only 6.7% eligible Af Am voters registered. “There is no state with a record that approaches in inhumanity, murder, brutality, and racial hatred. It is absolutely at the bottom of the list.” Medger Evers

Bob Moses, SNCC, Freedom Summer.

Planning Freedom Summer volunteers were told that their job would not be "save the Mississippi Negro" but to work with local leadership. Included doctors, lawyers, ministers, and college students. Volunteers trained in Oxford, Ohio to prepare them for nonviolent action.

Training activists in the practice of nonviolence in Oxford, Ohio.

“For many of you, this will be the first experience with a totalitarian state," he said. "In Mississippi, remember that your word isn't worth anything. You are an incompetent witness in your own case. You are presumed guilty.“ African-American lawyer, 1964

Mississippi Reaction Called the “invasion” by Southern whites, who reacted with violence. Over the course of the ten-week project: 4 CR workers killed 4 were critically wounded 80 Freedom Summer workers were beaten 1000 people were arrested (volunteers and locals) 37 churches were bombed 30 Black homes/businesses were bombed

Mississippi Murders On June 21, 1964, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, both CORE organizers, and summer volunteer Andrew Goodman were arrested. Released into a waiting ambush by Klansmen. Reported on TV and on newspaper front pages, the triple disappearance shocked the nation. All three were shot and bodies buried. Drew massive media attention to Freedom Summer and to Mississippi racism.

Burned out car belonging to Chaney.

Andrew Goodman

Students saying goodbye after Ohio training session.

Summer Volunteer’s Thoughts After Murders Their disappearance, although might have been calculated to drive others away from the state had just the opposite effect on me and everyone else. Whenever an incident like this happens—and they happen fairly often, although usually not this serious—everyone reacts the same way. They become more and more determined to stay in the state and fight the evil system that people have to live under here… Interviewer: Are you scared? Yes, I’m very much afraid. Everyone here is.

Freedom Summer, 1964

"All my life I’ve been sick and tired ," she shakes her head "All my life I’ve been sick and tired ," she shakes her head . "Now I'm sick and tired of being sick and tired.“ Fannie Lou Hamer, 1964 SNCC staff member Dorie Ladner worked in a summer project office. She spent sleepless nights taking threatening phone calls from segregationists. She says she was so frightened, she vomited every night after supper. "I suffered from trying to dodge white men in pickup trucks, worrying about whether or not somebody was going to bomb the house where we were sleeping, whether or not we were going to get killed.”

Impact Before Freedom Summer, the media paid little attention to the harassment of black voters in the South. When white students’ lives were threatened, the media spotlight was turned on the state. Freedom Summer focused national attention on Mississippi and influenced the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Mississippi Changing The nationwide shame created by Freedom Summer haunted Mississippi, but state made slow progress. It took a decade for black voting to become a reality. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, Mississippi elected more black officials than any other state. Today, nearly every major city in Mississippi has a black mayor, black city councilmen, black policemen, judges, and other officials.