Chapter 12 Blood

Objectives List the important components of blood Describe the function of each component Recognize the significance of the various blood types Describe some disorders of the blood Define the key words that relate to this chapter

Blood Average adult body has 8-10 pints of blood Function of the blood Transport Regulatory Protection

Transport Blood is the transporting fluid of the body Oxygen from the lungs to tissues CO2 from tissue to lungs Nutrients from small intestine to cells Waste products from cells to kidneys or sweat glands

Regulatory Hormones and other chemicals Helps regulate body pH through buffers and amino acids Body temperature Water content of cells

Protection Circulates antibodies and defensive cells Produces clots

Blood Composition Plasma Erythrocytes or red blood cells Leukocytes or white blood cells Thrombocytes or platelets

Blood Plasma Straw colored Comprises about 55% of the blood volume Water 92% of the total volume of plasma Plasma proteins Fibrinogen Albumin Globulin Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes Metabolic waste products

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hematopoiesis is the formation of all blood cells Occurs in the red bone marrow Certain lymphatic tissue produces some white blood cells Develop from stem cells

Erythropoiesis The manufacture of red blood cells (RBCs) Red bone marrow RBCs live about 120 days Process of development and breakdown Hemoglobin is separated into heme and globin Normal ranges Females 4.2 to 5.4 million/µl Males 4.5 to 6.2 million/µl

Hemoglobin Erythrocytes contain a red pigment called hemoglobin Made of protein molecule called globin and an iron compound called heme Function of RBCs Helps to transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide away from the tissues Normal ranges Females 12-16 g/100ml Males 14-18 g/100ml Hemolysis

White Blood Cells (WBCs) Called leukocytes Natural defense against injury and disease Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria Synthesis of antibody molecules “Cleaning up” of cellular remnants at the site of inflammation Walling off of the infected area

Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Arise from myeloblasts

Granulocytes Neutrophils-phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils-phagocytize remains of antibody-antigen reactions Basophils-acitvated during allergic reaction or inflammation

Agranulocytes Lymphocytes-help the body by synthesizing and releasing antibody molecules and protecting against the formation of CA cells B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Monocytes-assist in phagocytosis, able to leave the bloodstream and attach themselves to tissues

Inflammation Occurs when living tissue is damaged in any way Signs and symptoms Redness Local heat Swelling Pain The inflammatory process

Thrombocytes (Blood Platelets) Function in the initiation of the blood-clotting process Normal ranges 250,000 to 450,00 per cubic millimeter of blood

Coagulation Injury leads to release of serotonin and thromboplastin Prothrombin converts to thrombin Fibrinogen converts to fibrin Clot Clotting time norms

Blood Types Types-A, B, AB, O Antigens-on the surface of the RBC Antibody- Type A Blood-has B antibodies in plasma Type B Blood-A antibodies in plasma Type O Blood-no antibodies Type AB Blood-A and B both antibodies Agglutination: when incompatible blood types mix and form clumps

RH Factors RH factor: is an antigen found in human blood Rh+ means that the antigen is present on the surface of the blood cell Rh- means that there is not an antigen present Transfusion reaction with second transfusion due to development of antibodies with 1st transfusion.