American History I - Unit 3 Ms. Brown Creating a New Nation American History I - Unit 3 Ms. Brown

Warm Up – March 3 1. What was the Great Compromise? Answer the following questions on a clean sheet of paper: 1. What was the Great Compromise? 2. What was the Three-Fifth’s Compromise? 3. What was the Slave-Trade Compromise? 4. What is federalism? 5. What are the branches of the government and what do they do?

Controversies over the Constitution The proposed Constitution needed the ratification of 9 of the 13 states to take effect. Ratification – official approval Each state’s legislative body voted (sometimes multiple times) on whether to ratify or reject the US Constitution.

Federalists vs Anti-federalists Supporters of the Constitution Wanted a strong federal government Insisted that the checks and balances would prevent the federal gov’t from getting too powerful Opponents of the Constitution Wanted a weak federal government (favored states’ rights) Scared that the federal gov’t would become too powerful and deny individual rights

Federalists vs Anti-federalists John Adams George Washington James Madison Alexander Hamilton Urban areas - Merchants, skilled workers, laborers saw benefit of large gov’t that could regulate trade Small states States with weak economies Thomas Jefferson Patrick Henry Samuel Adams Richard Henry Lee Rural areas – feared more taxes Large states States with strong economies

The Federalist Papers 1787-1788, a series of 85 essays published anonymously, that defended the Constitution Federalist publication Appeared in NY newspapers with the pseudonym Publius Really written by John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay Attempted to explain separation of powers, checks and balances, and the benefits of a strong federal government

Letters from the Federal Farmer Series of essays critiquing the Constitution Anti-federalist publication Most likely written by Richard Henry Lee Listed the individual rights that the Constitution might take away Freedom of religion Freedom of the press Protection from unreasonable searches/seizures Right to trial by jury

Individual Rights in Question Anti-federalists argued that the Constitution weakened the states’ ability to protect the rights of its citizens therefore the people needed a national bill of rights. Wanted written assurance of… Freedoms including speech, religion, and press Right to trial by jury Right to bear arms

Individual Rights in Question “I like much the general idea of framing a government, which should go on of itself, peaceably, without needing continual recurrence to the State legislatures… I will now tell you what I do not like. First, the omission of a bill of rights… Let me add, that a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular; and what no government should refuse…” - Thomas Jefferson in a letter to James Madison, 1787 Federalists argued that the Constitution would protect individual rights through the separation of powers and checks and balances.

Ratification of Constitution By June 21, 1788 - 9 states had ratified the Constitution  officially takes effect BUT VA and NY had NOT ratified yet… Federalists needed the support of these large states if the Constitution was to be successful.

People Demand a Bill of Rights Constitution took effect in 1789 but not all states were happy…many of the alterations requested concerned the protection of individual liberties and freedoms. September 1789 – Congress submitted 12 amendments for ratification December 1791 – ¾ of states approved 10 amendments that became known as the Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights Ratified in 1791 Set of 10 amendments to the Constitution that protect the individual rights of citizens 1st Amendment Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition 2nd Amendment Right to bear arms 3rd Amendment No forced housing of soldiers (in peacetime) 4th Amendment Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures 5th Amendment No double jeopardy, guaranteed due process, no self-incrimination, guaranteed grand jury in criminal trials 6th Amendment Public trial by jury with counsel in criminal cases 7th Amendment Trial by jury in civil cases 8th Amendment No cruel and unusual punishments or excessive fines 9th Amendment People’s rights are not limited to those listed in the Constitution or Bill of Rights 10th Amendment People and state retain all rights not explicitly given to the federal government in the Constitution.

Articles of Confederation Constitution Articles of Confederation: No taxation No trade regulation between states No executive branch or judicial branch No federal government States all have 1 vote States have all power Constitution 3 branches of government Bill of Rights Common currency Senate (2 senators) and HoR (based on pop) Federalism (shared power) Congress can tax and regulate trade Federal law is supreme Both Congress has power to declare war Congress can make some laws States have some degree of power

Final Thoughts The US Constitution is adopted! We need a president! We need a court system! We need to evaluate foreign relations! The US is still young and the first several presidents will set the course of the nation’s development…