Scientific Intersections Where Jefferson Lab Science Connects to Other Fields Rik Yoshida 6/25/19

Outline Context Introduction Connection within nuclear physics Nucleon and Nuclear spin International effort on spin physics Hot and Cold QCD Hadronization Connection to neighboring fields Astrophysics neutron stars and Jlab science Atomic physics atomic spectra and proton form factor Particle physics precision electroweak measurements Conclusion Input and help from Will Brooks Or Hen Douglas Higinbotham Sebastian Kuhn Bob Michaels Jerry Miller + a lot of “borrowed” slides and plots All mistakes are mine. Connections JLab LUO 19

Context: Extremes of Modern Science 1027 meters 10-18 meters ΛCDM model Particle Standard Model 45 orders of Magnitude Connections JLab LUO 19

Context: Nuclear Science and the Origin of the Cosmos Characteristics of Protons and Neutrons (Nucleons), singly and collectively in Nuclei, in concert with EW and Gravity forms the visible Cosmos. Stellar Fusion He through Fe Big Bang ~14 to 5 Billon Years ago Novae ~200 Thousand Years ago H, He ~15 Billion Years ago Heavier than Fe Connections JLab LUO 19

Context: Characteristics of Nucleons and Nuclei Mass Spin Bulk NN interactions … Arise out of quarks and gluons interacting through Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) quarks gluons We have little idea of how from fundamental QCD because it is strongly coupled in the energy regime of the mass of Nucleons. Jefferson Lab explores explores Nuclear to Quark scale: Connections JLab LUO 19

Introduction Jefferson Lab science has a LOT of connections to “Other Fields” This is an introductory tour. This is NOT a complete survey: have chosen a few This is an encouragement to go seek them out! Many of the topics I discuss will be covered in other talks later on.. My emphasis will be on the connections. Will generally not show many (new) results. Much more detail on the science itself in the other talks. (will try to point to the talks) Tried to get examples from three areas: Connections within Nuclear Physics (brief) Connections to Astrophysics and Cosmology Connections to High Energy Physics. Connections JLab LUO 19

Within NP: Spin Physics RHIC Spin BNL CERN JLab 12 Projections SeaQuest Fermilab V. Burkert: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2018. 68:405–28 Connections JLab LUO 19

Within NP: Spin programs around the world Sebastian Kuhn Du/u and Dd/d at high x ? Nuclear effects on nucleon structure Understanding the sea – Ds, u - d, Du - Dd? Orbital angular momentum? -> GPDs in 3D Axial and Tensor charges of the nucleon Full mapping of all TMD PDFs in the valence and sea region Gluon helicity distribution at large x and a small x? What is the integral DG? Test of universality Test of prediction that time-odd TMDs (e.g., Sivers asymmetry) change sign in Drell-Yan processes What happens at really small x << 0.01? JLab @ 12 GeV EIC JLab, FNAL, RHIC, COMPASS COMPASS, JLab EIC JLab + COMPASS (NLO), RHIC, COMPASS SIDIS RHIC RHIC, COMPASS, FNAL RHIC, COMPASS, FNAL, FAIR, JPARC Connections JLab LUO 19

Within NP: Heavy Ion Collisions and Quark-Gluon Plasma Initial State time RHIC HI@LHC Connections JLab LUO 19

Parton passage and hadronization in hot and cold QCD 𝜂 COLD 𝜙 Nucleus CMS Investigate in DIS where passage and hadronization takes place in “cold” QCD Color transparency Jerry Miller’s talk More in Barbara Jacak’s talk tomorrow Connections JLab LUO 19

Using SIDIS to understand HERMES data (Neon, Krypton, Xenon) Brooks and Lopez arXiv:1902.00886 Transverse momentum Broadening Multiplicity ratio Color lifetime Quark energy loss Transport Coefficient Cross-section for hadronic interaction Color lifetime Quark Energy loss Extraction using the Brooks-Lopez model To be done for CLAS12 data EIC kinematic range will give much larger leverage 𝑞 transport coefficient controls energy loss in and QCD matter. COLD Connections JLab LUO 19

Astrophysics: LIGO/Virgo Gravitational Wave Discovery Eleven Science Questions for the next Century 8 10 LIGO Observatories National Academy of Sciences 2003 Connections JLab LUO 19

Astrophysics: GW170817 (binary neutron star merger) August 17 2017, 12:41:04.43 Kilonova 10000 x earth mass r-process elements created. Connections JLab LUO 19

Astrophysics: Neutron Stars Properties and Neutron Skin in Nuclei CREX Projections PREX II “deformability” Horowitz GW170817 Neutron Skin (Nuclear surface tension <-> Gravity) balances neutron matter pressure Neutron Star Radius Connections JLab LUO 19

Astrophysics: Short Range Correlations and Neutron Stars Mostly np (not nn or pp) M.F. SRC increasing like N/Z Same number of p and n M. Duer et al. Connections JLab LUO 19

High-P Proton dominance in Neutron-rich environments: Neutron Stars Neutron Stars contain 5-10% protons and electrons at center. Urca cooling : important cooling mechanism of neutron stars n→ p + 𝑒 − + 𝜈 p + 𝑒 − →n +𝜈 ~1 billion degrees/minute Protons move faster as N/Z increase Connections JLab LUO 19

Proton Radius and Atomic Spectroscopy Lamb shift electron small Big Lamb shift muon Electron Scattering ~5 𝜎 Big 0.8751(61) CODATA 2014 Particle Data Group (2018 & 2019 update) small! 0.8414(19) CODATA “2018” released 30 May 2019 I couldn’t find out how this was determined at least with a cursory web search So what’s going on? Connections JLab LUO 19

Atomic Spectroscopy and eP Elastic Scattering Atomic Energy Levels Bohr Atom 𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑗=𝑅∞ [− 1 𝑛2 +∆ 𝑟2p +QED Corrections] Shift from proton radius (only exists for l=0 (s) states) Rydberg Constant Proton radius and the proton form factor (extract from eP elastic scattering) 𝑟2𝑃 ≡−6 𝑑𝐺𝐸 𝑄2 𝑑𝑄2 𝑄2=0 Rosenbluth Formula Evaluate at Q2=0 Slope of the electric form factor Q1: Is 𝑟P the same as 𝑟p ?  Yes! G. Miller PR C 99,035202 (2019) 𝑄2=−𝑞2 Connections JLab LUO 19

eP elastic scattering Bernauer et. al. 0.879 (0.005)(0.008) fm D. Higinbotham talk this morning https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.242001 PR C99, 044303 (2019) 0.844(7) fm New results from Prad! See Weizhi Xiong’s talk Q2 [GeV2] Connections JLab LUO 19

Muonic and Normal Hydrogen ∆ 𝑟p = 2 𝑍𝛼 4 3𝑛3 𝑀𝑃∙𝑚 𝑒,𝜇 𝑀𝑃+ 𝑚 𝑒,𝜇 3 𝑟𝑝2 𝛿𝑙0 to leading order Because muon mass is 200 times that of the electron, ∆ is about 107 larger in case of the muonic hydrogen rP = 0.84087±0.00026±0.00029 fm Antognini et. al. 2013 What about this one for normal Hydrogen? Beyer result announcement Trento June 22, 2016 Courtesy: D. Higinbotham Connections JLab LUO 19

Rydberg Constant and Proton Radius 𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑗=𝑅∞ [− 1 𝑛2 +∆ 𝑟2p +QED Corrections] Beyer paper fits Rydberg constant and proton radius simultaneously small! So what about this? MUSE: two photon contribution More Atomic Lamb shift measurements Far from over! Big 0.8751(61) CODATA 2014 𝑟p Maybe non-SM! small! 0.8414(19) CODATA “2018” released 30 May 2019 10,973,731.568 508(65) m-1 CODATA 2014 10,973,731.568 160(21) m-1 CODATA released 30 May 2019 𝑅∞ >5𝜎 Douglas Higinbotham pointed this out to me Connections JLab LUO 19

High Energy Physics Basically, HEP physicists would like to know if anything other than one of the diagrams below is happening LHC + Higgs Connections JLab LUO 19

Evolution of the parton distribution in the proton Parton Splittings LHC Tevatron Q’2 EIC ✓ ☓ JLab 12 Q2 x1 x2 x’ 1 Connections JLab LUO 19

What does this plot mean for hadron-hadron colliders? rapidity: 1 E+PZ y= ln( ) 2 E-PZ pseudo-rapidity: η=-ln tan(θ/2) 2 4 angle wrt beam parton1(x1) + parton2(x2)  State with mass M For Tevatron, for example, high-x measurements at JLab should be very relevant. x1= (M/√s) exp (y) x2= (M/√s) exp (-y) Connections JLab LUO 19

An Example: Precision W mass measurements Standard Model predicts a precise relation between Mw , Mt and MH Evan McClellan, Hanjie Liu talks W production at the Tevatron Knowledge of d/u in the JLab range is important! Connections JLab LUO 19

Transverse momenta and the W mass 𝑀𝑇=2 𝑝𝑇,𝑙 𝑝𝑇,𝜐 [1−cos⁡(∆𝜙𝑙,𝜐)] But this can be thrown off if there is a transverse momentum of the partons. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.002 Connections JLab LUO 19

Precision W mass → Test of Standard Model → TMDs DIS Drell-Yan Connections JLab LUO 19

Conclusion Many things not covered Spectroscopy Pentaquarks Hypernuclei Dark photon searches … What JLab experiments measure has many deep implications to many other fields. Not just “interesting”. Provides context for research! “The term `holistic' refers to my conviction that what we are concerned with here is the fundamental interconnectedness of all things.” New EIC simulation software demo 6:30 this evening F113 (free pizza! I hope) Connections JLab LUO 19