Homework #2 due F 2/23 Bonus #1 due W 2/28

How do species change over time?

How did the planet get full of people?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago. Fig 4

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA ~150,000ya 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

Information flow in cells CB 5.25 Information flow in cells Protein

Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs

When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.

CB 13.5 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

Genes code for proteins via RNA CB 17.4 Genes code for proteins via RNA

Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia CB 17.23 Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia

CB 5.21 Differences in amino acid sequence lead to differences in 3-D shape and different functionalities

Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia CB 23.10

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Does evolution occur?

As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… CB 14.6

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

Natural Selection: Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

Reproductive success = evolutionary success

Individuals are selected… But populations evolve via changes in DNA during reproduction.

A population that can produce fertile offspring Who evolves?…Species. A. leucurus A. harrisi A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** CB 24.6

X Horse Donkey = Mule

X Horse Donkey So…horses and donkeys are not the same species. = Mule (sterile)

A population that can produce fertile offspring Who evolves?…Species. A. leucurus A. harrisi A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** CB 24.6

Homework #2 due F 2/23 Bonus #1 due W 2/28

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success www.jayhosler.com