Development

Objectives How do we physically change throughout our lives? Understand the stages of physical development before we are born Recognize variables that influence prenatal development Understand physical development during infancy Understand physical development as we age

Physical Development 1. Germinal Period: conception (egg + sperm = zygote) to uterine implantation :20-2:58 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFrVmDgh4v4 2. Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the 8th week 22:30-25:55 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html 3. Fetal Period: 8th week until birth (organs dev) - ultrasound 43:59-46 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

Early Physical Development Teratogen: environmental interruption to development (NTs change messages) Critical periods: interruption to certain periods of development has extreme consequences

Early Physical Development Brain development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLp-edwiGUU 2:35-6:30 Neurons – 150,000/minute 1st 12 weeks Myelination: myelin sheath (fatty coating on the neuron’s axon) at 3rd trimester = faster communication between neurons 1,000 connections/second 1st 5 years Synaptic pruning – cut unused connections 1st 3 years & during puberty Video: How to Talk to Kids Video: Blues Clues

Early Physical Development Motor development: born with reflexes, develop everything else - turning over, grasping, crawling, walking, climbing Senses (video: infant perception) Hearing: functioning before birth; declines after puberty (damage, cell death) Vision: functioning before birth but not fully developed until age 2; declines with older age Requires experience (Dev Child 19-20:05)

Later Physical Development Puberty: maturing that allows for sexual reproduction (ages 8-18) Menopause: women stop being able to sexually reproduce Male climacteric / andropause: men make less testosterone = less sperm production, physical changes Sensory decline: taste, touch, hearing, smell, sight receptors all decrease

Objectives How do we cognitively change throughout our lives? What influences emotional development? Understand Piaget’s theories and the stages of cognitive development Understand attachment theory and its influence over the lifespan

Cognitive Development Schema: how things work Assimilation: judge using my schema Accommodation: change my schema Example: Schema: Friends don’t lie to each other. Situation: This person lied to me. Assimilation: The person who lied to me isn’t my friend. Accommodation: Sometimes friends lie to protect each other. http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Piaget%27s_Stages

Cognitive Development Ex. A child who is unfamiliar with exotic animals sees a zebra and calls it a horse. Ex. A child thinks that dogs are animals who live with people as pets. The child sees an animal that looks like a dog but works with the police. Ex. A child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides and shouts “It’s a clown!”

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Sensorimotor: (birth – 2 yrs) use senses & motor skills to learn (video: sensorimotor stage) object permanence: things exists even when you can’t see them (Dev Child 12:02-14:24) Preoperational: (2-7 yrs) thinks symbolically, develops language skills animistic thinking: everything is alive egocentric: can’t take others’ point of view

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages Concrete Operational: (7-11 yrs) learns operations, conservation (Dev Child 10:25-11:28) No abstract, hypothetical Formal Operational: (11+) hypothetical, abstract, concepts adolescent egocentrism: others’ behavior (v) personal fable: your experience is unique, you won’t be harmed imaginary audience: everyone notices you

Attachment Emotional bond between infant and caregiver Strengthened by physical contact, responding to needs, attention We have biological basis for emotions but our responses are influenced by interaction Early attachment style predicts approach to other adult relationships (romantic, friendship, work) Video: maternal separation

Attachment over the lifespan Attachment as judgment of: 1) whether self is worthy of care 2) others will provide and meet emotional needs + self view, + other view = secure - other view = avoidant (dismissing, fearful) - self view, + other view = preoccupied (ambivalent/anxious) In U.S. secure is related to best outcomes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU

Developmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder 6 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity, language, conversation initiation, stereotyped behavior Asperger’s Syndrome 2 of impairment in: nonverbal behavior, peer relationships, spontaneous sharing, emotional reciprocity + stereotyped behavior – NO language or cognitive delays, causes problems in functioning

Objectives What kind of decisions and experiences shape us as adults? What are the different parenting styles and what are their consequences? How do we approach our own and others’ deaths?

Parenting How is parenting style related to 1) personality 2) personal experience being parented 3) interactions with specific children? Which one of these is most influential, or, is something else involved?

Parenting Styles (v) Authoritarian: low warmth, high expectations; parent speaks child obeys Authoritative: high warmth, high expectations; more child input Permissive-Neglectful: low involvement, low expectations Neglectful-Indulgent: high involvement, low expectations Child-to-parent effects: children affect parenting Outcomes: School, work, goals

Activity Experience with death

Grief Over a Death Stages of Grief Numbness: dazed, denial, emptiness Yearning: longing, guilt, anger, resentment Disorganization/despair: loss of meaning in life, feeling listless Resolution/reorganization: accept loss, able to feel happiness about memories, change life to incorporate loss

Your Death Stages of Death (video) Denial: can’t believe it Anger: upset, seems unfair, unjust Bargaining: doing whatever possible to avoid it Depression: feel like life wasn’t lived fully, regret decisions, extreme negative feelings Acceptance: believe it is happening and feel okay with the end