Design concept of the water lily–inspired hierarchical structure

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Fig. 1 Design concept of the water lily–inspired hierarchical structure. Design concept of the water lily–inspired hierarchical structure. (A and B) Water lily and water lily–inspired design for solar vapor generation, respectively. They share several key features: the upper epidermis with hydrophobic surface absorbs the sunlight and provides stomata for water vapor escape, lacunae (air chamber) at the bottom of the leaf keep a water lily afloat on the water, and vascular bundles (water path) provide a confined water supply. (C) Microscale schematic of a confined water layer sandwiched between the hydrophobic top solar absorber and the bottom stand with low thermal conductivity. Evaporation occurs at the water surface below the absorber, and salt/solute is excreted by the water path, avoiding accumulation/crystallization of solute on the absorber. (D) Nanoscale light trapping for the top solar absorber. (E) Molecular-scale surface modification for the hydrophobic surface of the top solar absorber. Ning Xu et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaaw7013 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).