Model showing how COP1 and SPA proteins regulate various transcription factors to promote skotomorphogenesis in the dark. Model showing how COP1 and SPA.

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Model showing how COP1 and SPA proteins regulate various transcription factors to promote skotomorphogenesis in the dark. Model showing how COP1 and SPA proteins regulate various transcription factors to promote skotomorphogenesis in the dark. Mutations in COP1, SPA and PIFs result in cop phenotypes in the dark. PIFs and HFR1 reciprocally regulate their abundance, whereas HFR1 inhibits PIF activity by sequestration. Regulation of the abundance and activity of these transcription factors by the COP1-SPA complex promotes skotomorphogenic development. Vinh Ngoc Pham et al. Development 2018;145:dev169870 © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd