Evidence … … what evidence? Table 4: Implications for the learner Are reformed curricula, pedagogies etc leading to changes in learners’ performance and experiences? ILO study, Malta, Netherlands, Finland … Evidence … … what evidence? Attribution issues How do we measure success? … in education? Different reasons for introduction in different contexts Different learning outcomes packages in different contexts … in the labour market? Endogenous or exogenous?

Implementation is critical Table 4: Implications for the learner What remains to be done to enable learners to benefit? Teacher training and assessment Reflective practitioners Implementation is critical … brilliant ideas can fail Organisational culture, rewards, incentives Resources Leadership Start-up costs ‘People’ support, mentors Keep pressure and support in harmony