Fig. 4 The activation of mTOR is necessary for exercise-enhanced axonal myelination in the CC region. The activation of mTOR is necessary for exercise-enhanced.

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Fig. 4 The activation of mTOR is necessary for exercise-enhanced axonal myelination in the CC region. The activation of mTOR is necessary for exercise-enhanced axonal myelination in the CC region. (A) Illustrations of L5PRN axonal myelination, which is formed by mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the CC region. (B) Schematic diagrams of experimental protocols. Mice received 21-day exercise and rapamycin or saline injection every 3 days. (C) Representative images for myelin basic protein (MBP) staining in the medial CC region. Scale bar, 250 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of fluorescent intensities of MBP (n = 4 animals in each group) showed elevated myelination level in runner + saline group (one-way ANOVA, F3,11 = 3.353, P = 0.0591; Tukey post hoc test, q11 = 8.721, P = 0.0003) and subsequent decrease after mTOR inhibition (q11 = 8.852, P = 0.0003). A.U., arbitrary units. (E) EM images showing myelinated axonal fibers. Scale bars, 500 nm. (F) Distribution of g-ratios. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significantly lower g-ratios in runner + saline mice comparing to nonrunner + saline group (P < 0.0001). (G) Schematic illustrations for the experimental design of oligodendrogenesis. Daily 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections were given during the last 5 days of exercise training. (H) Representative images of BrdU-incorporated (BrdU+) cells in the medial CC region. Scale bar, 200 μm. (I) Chronic exercise increased BrdU+ cells (F3,40 = 6.727, P < 0.001; q40 = 7.519, P < 0.0001), and rapamycin injection significantly decreased BrdU+ cells (q40 = 13.51, P < 0.0001). (J to M) Double immunostaining of BrdU+ cells with OL linage marker Olig2 (J), OL progenitor cells (OPCs) marker PDGFRα (K), mature OL marker CC1 (L), and cell proliferation marker Ki67 (M). Scale bar, 50 μm. (N to P) Quantification across groups showed that exercise increased the number of Olig2+BrdU+P (F3,11 = 20.89, P < 0.0001; q11 = 6.084, P = 0.0058) (N), BrdU+PDGFRα+-labeled OPCs (F3,11 = 47.05, P < 0.0001; q11 = 9.328, P = 0.0002) (O), and BrdU+CC1+-labeled, matured OL (F3,11 = 27.16, P < 0.0001; q11 = 7.906, P = 0.0008) (P) after exercise. The OLs proliferation and maturation were reduced by rapamycin treatment (runner + saline versus runner + rapamycin groups: BrdU+Olig2+, q11 = 10.77, P < 0.0001; BrdU+PDGFRα+, q11 = 15.27, P < 0.0001; BrdU+CC1+, q11 = 12.13, P < 0.0001). (Q) Exercise also facilitated OL differentiation as suggested by fewer BrdU+Ki67+ cells (F3,11 = 14.26, P = 0.0004; q11 = 6.655, P = 0.0031), which was not affected by mTOR (runner + saline versus runner + rapamycin groups, q11 = 1.838, P = 0.5819). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. n = 4 animals in each group. Error bars, SEM. Kai Chen et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaaw1888 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).