Plants: Uses, Forms and Function Unit 5 Plants: Uses, Forms and Function

Learning Goal To learn more about how plants are a valuable bioresource To learn in more detail the vascular body of plants

Section 13.1 Plants as a valuable bioresource

Introduction Almost everything we do everyday is achieved through the existence of plants Plants provide us with food, clothing, shelter, medicine, and most importantly fresh oxygen to breathe with

Biosphere depends on Plants Plants are essential to the health and function of the biosphere The biosphere is defined as the sum of all ecosystems ON Earth, including the part of the earth that is capable of supporting life, living things and their environment

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in plants, some bacteria, and protests They use light energy from the sun with water and carbon dioxide and convert these “reactants” into glucose and oxygen Glucose is the food that supplies plants and its consumers with energy to function Oxygen in the by product of plants that we use for cellular respiration (process of making our own energy)

Plants contain Cellulose Cellulose is a large complex carbohydrate that is the main component of cell walls in plants Cellulose is used to make fabrics (cotton), paper, cardboard, and even biofuels

Plants are a source of food For centuries plants have been a primary source of food fro humans through the use of agriculture Agriculture – is the process of farming or forestry practices that produce food and goods Humans use about 150 to 50 000 edible plant species on earth, where 60% of the average human diet reflects the consumption of plants

Agriculture in Canadian Society The agricultural industry provides many Canadians with jobs (1 in 7 jobs in Canada) Where the agriculture and food industry accounts for 10% of Canada’s GDP, as products are exported to countries all around the world

Agriculture in Canadian Society In addition to maple syrup, there’s lots of other products that produce food within Canada & worldwide

Food Security Defined – the state where all people at all times have enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs Scientists predict that by 2050 the world population will have reached 9 billion people With the expanding population and limited resources, food security is a critical issue we are facing in order to save whatever future lies ahead

Monocultures Pros Cons In effort to reduce food insecurity, an agricultural technique of growing one specific product well in one area has proven effective with increased crop yields This method is does have pros and cons to it: Pros Cons Increased crop yields Easier to care for Requires same fertilizer, pesticides, and treatment to improve the quality and quantity of the crop More susceptible to diseases and pests Depletes soil of nutrients with time Lower quality of ground water nearby due to run off of fertilizers and pesticides

Sustainable Agriculture Many scientists, farmers, consumers, and governments are using sustainable agriculture as a method to meet the food needs of the present without compromising future generations Sustainable Agriculture: integrates economic, environmental, and social means to meet the nutritional needs of the world

Sustainable Agriculture

Plants Uses In addition to being used as Timber supplies in building materials, plant fibres are also used to make many textiles, as you can see below:

Plants Uses Biochemical Uses Source of Fuel Erosion Control Recreation Ecotourism Use chemicals to attract pollinators or repel threats Traditional Uses: perfume, dyes, medicine Aboriginal peoples use plants for medicinal purposes Pharmaceutical companies testing new plant extracts for treatments Canada is a leader in production of Biofuel (fuels produced from renewable biological sources like crops) Help reduce global warming as they release greenhouse gases Soil erosion occurs when wind and water remove the top layer of soils (where all the nutrients are found) Certain Plants’ roots work to hold onto the topsoil better Also act as a barrier to flooding and weathering by absorbing excess water Many Canadian natural environments are used for recreation – like camping, hiking, boating, cycling, etc. Allow us to get our exercise in, learn more about nature, and relax Tourist come to visit Canada for its landscapes, which include plants Many attributes in various provinces Which ones have you visited and learned more about?

Complete the STSE Activity Read “Could Canada rely on biomass to meet energy needs” (p. 542) Complete Questions 1 (PMI = Plus/Minuses/ Interesting Facts) to 3 Hand in work to be evaluated PMI = Plus (what would be the good things about this situation), Minuses (what are some negative things about topic), Interesting Facts (or other obstacles and consequences) about this of the topic

Section 13.2 The Vascular Plant Body

Introduction Like animals, plants are made up of specialized cells that are organized into tissues that are then organized into systems of organs There are many parts, roles, and functions of plant tissues that work within these systems that allow plants to survive

Introduction Recall from Unit 1 that plants are classified into 2 main groups Vascular Plants – those that have vascular tissues Have an intricate system and the plant can move water to distribute it to the whole plant. Vascular plants are able to grow bigger due to this ability. Ex: Trees, flowers  Non-Vascular Plants – those that do not have vascular tissues Nonvascular plants are usually small plants that are close to the ground. Ex: moss 

Vascular Plant Systems As previously discussed, these plants have 2 organ systems An Above Ground Shoot System made up of the stem and leaves An Underground Root System made up of the roots of the plant

Plant Cells Recall from Gr. 10 Science – structures of a typical plant cells

Plant Cells While you have learned the basic plant cell structures and functions, there are actually different types of plant cells Parenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells

Plant Tissue Lab http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/tissimages/tiss1.html Alternative: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect17.htm

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types Meristematic Tissue Consists of undifferentiated embryonic plant tissue where other all plant tissues develop from through Mitosis Are located in the following places near tips of roots and stems (called apical meristems) in the buds and nodes of stems. in the cambium between the xylem and phloem in dicotyledonous trees and shrubs. under the epidermis of dicotyledonous trees and shrubs (cork cambium) in the pericycle of roots, producing branch roots.

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types Meristematic Tissue The constant cell division in these regions is why these areas grow in size and length There are 2 kinds of meristems that exist: Primary meristem found in tissue of the embryo and continues to exist in the plant organ in which it rose. The primary meristem found at the tips of stems or roots is called the apical meristem (responsible for increase in length as it gives rise to the first or primary permanent tissues) In flowering plants, meristems develop from cells that suspend their ability to divide, and resume this activity later. Such meristems are known as secondary meristems. These cells give rise to permanent secondary tissues http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/plant_tissues/meristematic.htm

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types Dermal Tissue Is the outer covering of the plant that forms a protective covering; including the Epidermis & Periderm

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types 2. Specialized Epidermal Tissues Name of Tissue Function Guard Cells Found in the plant cell epidermis that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata Stomata – a small opening pores in the leaf that lets gas exchange (CO2 / O2) to occur Trichomes Extensions of epidermal cells found on stems, and leaves of plants to help reduce water loss Make the plant look “fuzzy” Root Hairs Fine hair-like structures that cover the surface of the root of the plant Increase surface area for Gas Exchange

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types Ground Tissue Makes up most of the plant’s internal and external materials Contains parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells Functions include photosynthesis, storage Also provide support for the plant when it grows other types of tissue

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types Vascular Tissue Is the internal system of tubes that run vertical throughout the stem of the plant, connecting the roots and leaves Main function is to TRANSPORT water and nutrients throughout the plant There are 2 types of vascular tissue Xylem – transports water and minerals FROM the roots to the leaves Phloem – transports nutrients like sugar to where needed for metabolism and storage Lab: http://webcheck-test.eharcourtschool.com/hrwfw/INT-D-bck/http/sh/hx1/003072483x/teacher/osp/resource/chap_26/sect_1/lesson.pdf

Plant Tissues – 4 Main Types http://www.jourdantonisd.net/pages/uploaded_files/ch25.pdf (Resource)

Plant Tissues – Summary Cell Types Function Locations Meristematic tissue Parenchyma Divide to produce new growth Tips of shoots Tips of roots In buds In a ring around the stem in woody plants Dermal Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves Ground Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Makes up bulk of plant mass Stems, roots, leaves Vascular Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids Phloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells Xylem transports water Phloem transports sugars In stems, leaves, and roots http://elte.prompt.hu/sites/default/files/tananyagok/plants_fungi/ch04.html

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