OPTIMA Optimisation for Sustainable Water Resources Management The Case of the Gediz River in Turkey 11-12 November 2005 Casablanca

Water Supply: 1100 MCM 647 m3 per capita Population: 1.700.000 Istanbul Extent: 18000 km2 Current water supply Surface 52 mm (940 MCM) Ground 9 mm (160 MCM) Treated Not Available Rainfall 700 mm Gediz Basin Izmir Water Supply: 1100 MCM 647 m3 per capita Current water demand Agriculture 39 mm (695 MCM) Industry 3 mm (54 MCM) Environ.Wetland 0.2 mm (3.6 MCM) Domestic 7.4 mm (133 MCM Water Demand: 886 MCM 521 m3 per capita

Boundaries and Municipalities Akhisar Saruhanli Manisa Golmarmara Menemen Turgutlu Salihli Ahmetli Alasehir IZMIR Kemalpasa

LAKES, RESERVOIRS and WEIRS

INCREASING WATER DEMAND: COMPETITION AMONG USERS KEY ISSUES Demographic Change Basin Population 1,5 % /year 1970 2000 “1.100.000” “1.700.000” INTERNAL MIGRATION RURAL TO URBAN: RAPID URBANIZATION Urban population 2% /year Rural population 0.7% /year Land Use Change Urban Areas 2% /year Industrial Areas 10% /year INCREASING WATER DEMAND: COMPETITION AMONG USERS

“NO WATER MAY BE LEFT FOR FURTHER ALLOCATION!” KEY ISSUES Supply (61mm) Demand (49.6mm) Domestic demand 0.15 mm/year, 2% Industrial demand 0.3 mm/year, 10% “NO WATER MAY BE LEFT FOR FURTHER ALLOCATION!”

Water Quality 60% of Surface Water 30% of Ground Water W. Q. CLASS IV Discharges Water Quality 60% of Surface Water 30% of Ground Water “VERY POLLUTED!!” W. Q. CLASS IV (acc. Turkish W.Q.C. Standards)

SUMER CONTRIBUTION IN OPTIMA PROJECT C07 SUMER, TURKEY SUMER will contribute to; the data compilation and analysis tasks, primarily for the hydrology and water resources components, assist with model implementation, run the Turkish case study for the Gediz river basin.

SUMER CONTRIBUTION IN OPTIMA PROJECT Gediz Case Study: Start month: 12 End month: 30 Total effort: 34 Deliverables: D08.1: Gediz River: Problem Analysis Month: 25 D08.2: Gediz River: Optimization Results Month: 34

CONTRIBUTION TO STAKEHOLDERS DB

CONTRIBUTION TO STAKEHOLDERS DB

DEM SOIL MAP RIVER LAND COVER WP05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA DEM SOIL MAP RIVER LAND COVER

WP05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA METEO FLOW by DSI FLOW by EIE

WP05 LAND USE CHANGE: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS DATA ~30m spatial resolution Landsat TM (1987) ~30m spatial resolution Landsat ETM (2000)

WATERWARE STUDIES Topology is reviewed and updated Settlements are included Domestic water demands are added Groundwater extractions from wells for domestic demand are included Demand and release time series of reservoirs and irrigation districts are re-evaluated River Basin Object entry and editing is in progress Water quality data (BOD loads) of settlements and industrial districts are compiled The producer (farmers) selling prices of crops and their yields are compiled

Topological View of the Previous Baseline Gediz Scenario Demirkopru Buldan Marmara Lake Alasehir Irrig. Ahmetli Irrig. Adala Irrig. Menemen Irrig. Wetland Nif Tributary Kumcay Tributary Gordes Tributary Afsar Bay of Izmir

Topological View of the Recent Baseline Gediz Scenario Demirkopru Buldan Marmara Lake Alasehir Irrig. Ahmetli Irrig. Adala Irrig. Menemen Irrig. Wetland Nif Tributary Kumcay Tributary Gordes Tributary Afsar Bay of Izmir

WATERWARE STUDIES Reservoirs: River Basin Objects 1) Demirkopru: supplies irrigation water, flood prevention, energy production during the irrigation season. 2) Afsar: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands. 3) Buldan: provides irrigation water to Alasehir lowlands. 4) Marmara Lake 5) Gordes (under construction): supplies domestic water for the city of Izmir in addition to providing irrigation water within the basin. 6) Yigitler (under construction): supplies industrial water for the industrial district of Kemalpasa.

RESERVOIRS BULDAN AFSAR DEMIRKOPRU GORDES? MARMARA YIGITLER? Bay of Izmir

Data on Reservoir Characteristics Demirkopru Res. Afsar Res. Buldan Res. Marmara Lake Dam Height (m) 36 24 30 7.3 Flood Level (m) Storage (106m3) 1022 83.5 44 321.36 Dead Storage (106m3) 88.4 5.2 3 15 Surface Area (km2) 45 5 68 Effective Area (km2) 45.7 6.38 68.2 Spill Capacity (m3/s) 200 118 190 65 Seepage Coefficient 0.2 0.25 0.1

River Basin Objects Irrigation Districts : Diversions: 1) Adala Left Bank 2) Adala Right Bank 3) Ahmetli Left Bank 4) Ahmetli Right Bank 5) Menemen Left Bank 6) Menemen Right Bank 7) Sarigol 8) Alasehir Diversions: Adala Weir Ahmetli Weir Emiralem Weir Buldan Weir Comlekci Weir Industrial Districts: Manisa Ind. Zone Kemalpasa Ind. Zone Memenen Leather Ind. Wetland: Izmir Bird Paradise

IRRIG. DISTRICTS,WEIRS,IND. ZONES and WETLAND Adala Alasehir Irrig. Adala Irrig. Comlekci Ahmetli Ahmetli Irrig. Kemalpasa Ind. Zone Manisa Org. Ind. Zone Emiralem Wetland Menemen Leather Ind. Menemen Irrig. Bay of Izmir

Irrigation District Area (ha) (min-max) Cotton (%) Maize (%) Grape (%) Vegetables (%) Fruits (%) Cereals (%) Adala Left Bank Irr. 5100-7000 30 63 5 - 2 Adala Right Bank Irr. 5500-6600 25 40 3 Ahmetli Left Bank Irr. 13000-16100 18 9 Ahmetli Right Bank Irr. 12500-17000 17 54 4 Menemen Left Bank Irr. 13000-14200 56 Menemen Right Bank Irr. 4900-5800 26 7 15 Sarigol Irr. 890-1100 100 Alasehir Irr. 6800-8400

Yields and Average Farmer’s Prices of Crops Yield (kg/ha) Average Price (EU/kg) Cotton 4027.5 0.68 Maize 4805 0.88 Grape 8035 0.17 Vegetables 26460 0.39 Cereals 6367.5 0.34 Fruits ? No data is available for BOD loads of irrig. return flows Water Supply Ratio (%) Decrease in Yield (%) 80 4 70 8 60 15 50 23 Source: Menemen Agr. Hydr. Center

Daily BOD Loads of Industrial Discharges District BOD loads (kg/day) Industrial Kemalpasa Industrial Zone 4255 Manisa Org. Ind. Zone 8667 Menemen Leather Industrial 4833 Source: Nen Eng.&Cons., December 2001

River Basin Objects Settlements : Subcatchments: Aquifers: 1) Manisa (Gov. Centre) 2) Akhisar 3) Salihli 4) Turgutlu 5) Kemalpasa 6) Menemen 7) Saruhanli 8) Alasehir 9) Izmir 10) Golmarmara 11) Ahmetli Subcatchments: Demirkopru Upstream Buldan Upstream Afsar Upstream Medar Nif Gordes Yigitler Aquifers: Salihli-Turgutlu Menemen Sarikiz Alasehir

SUBCATCHMENTS and SETTLEMENTS Deliinis Buldan Afsar Gordes Alasehir Salihli Golmarmara Medar Yigitler Ahmetli Akhisar Nif Saruhanli Turgutlu Kemalpasa Menemen Bay of Izmir

Domestic Demand of Settlements Name of the Settlement 1990 Pop. 2000 Pop. qHY, l/ca/day ** m3/day m3/s Akhisar 73944 81510 170 13857 0.16 Salihli 70861 83137 14133 Turgutlu 73634 93727 15934 0.18 Manisa, Center 158928 214345 200 42869 0.50 Kemalpasa 16354 25448 100 2545 0.03 Menemen 29006 46079 120 5529 0.06 Saruhanli 12977 13025 1303 0.02 Golmarmara 10976 11205 1121 0.01 Alasehir 36649 39590 4751 0.05 Ahmetli 10190 11011 1101 Population qHY, l/ca/day 5 000 - 10 000 80 10 000 - 30 000 100 30 000 - 50 000 120 50 000 - 100 000 170 > 100 000 200 ** Values from Bank of Provinces

BOD Loads of Domestic Returns of Settlements Municipality BOD loads (kg/day) Salihli 2772 Menemen 1115 Golmarmara 379 Turgutlu 3100 Alasehir 1093 Saruhanli 2247 Akhisar 1866 Ahmetli 1321 Manisa 2222 Kemalpasa 712 Source: Nen Eng.&Cons., December 2001

The aquifers identified in WaterWare (WRM) and their parameters. The Name of the Aquifer Parameter Alasehir Menemen Salihli-Turgutlu Sarikiz Area (km2) 940 300 1200 600 Average depth (m) 80 90 Porosity (%) 15 Percolation loss coefficient Deg. day coefficient 1e-05 Recharge coefficient 0.75 0.70 0.65

GROUNDWATER:AQUIFERS IDENTIFIED Groundwater coupling? Sarikiz Menemen Salihli_Turgutlu Alasehir

Subcatchments Outflow TS The year of TS is 1991 Observed stream gauging station data are used Some small subcatchments are taken into account like lateral inflows to the reaches (Sarma, Taytan, Tabak) For Buldan and Afsar Subcatchments the observed inflows to the reservoirs are used, BUT there is some inconsistencies, hence those subcatchments may be re-evaluated with RRM

WaterWare Modeling Studies

Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin In the Gediz Basin, there are: agricultural, domestic industrial activities which supply their water needs directly from surface waters and the groundwater system

Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Irrigation : The major consumptive water use in the Gediz is irrigation, realized in four major districts. In addition, a downstream wetland called the “Bird Paradise” is also connected to the Menemen Left Bank irrigation scheme. The intensive irrigation activities in the basin are supported by three reservoirs and a set of weirs which divert the flow to irrigation channels. On the other hand, there are also many wells exploiting the groundwater either under normal conditions for small irrigation systems or in cases of emergency like droughts .

Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Irrigation : The irrigation schemes are operated on open channel conveyance systems. Most of the farmers prefer “flooding” methods for irrigation at the field. The dominant crop pattern in irrigation districts is cotton, table grapes and maize; however, their percentage with respect to irrigated areas changes every year, depending on the income expected by farmers.

Summary of the Existing Situation and Ongoing Trends in the Gediz Basin Domestic and Industrial Water Use: Domestic and industrial demands in the Gediz Basin are generally met through groundwater sources. All the municipalities in the basin supply their domestic water through groundwater, thereby putting these resources under stress. There are also three major industrial districts, nearby Manisa, Menemen and Kemalpasa municipalities,supplying their demand by groundwater. Unfortunately, their consumption rates and fixed costs for pumping are not monitored and recorded; only rough estimates are available.

Gediz Baseline Scenario Building and Preliminary Results of WRM

Demirkopru Reservoir (Real TS of Release)

Ahmetli Weir Right Bank Diversion (The expected demand TS)

Ahmetli Irrg. Right Bank (The expected demand TS)

Assumptions of Modeling Practice Flow TS used as input are from the year of 1991 There was limited irrigation at this year Initial storages of reservoirs and aquifers: In the baseline scenario, the initial storages of the reservoirs are selected such that they preserve almost the same amount of water at the beginning and at the end of the year, namely, at the start and at the end of a model simulation; 20%

Assumptions of Modeling Practice Conveyance losses of demand nodes: No Irrigation System Change: conveyance loss: 10 % evaporation losses: 5%, return flow losses: 5%. Irrigation demand time series and reservoir releases: The daily demand time series of irrigation districts are computed by the CROPWAT(FAO) for Windows 4.3. The real release time series at that year are used

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Preliminary Results of WRM

Problem Reporting

Planned Work for Next Phase The irrigation water demand series of the irrigation districts will be calculated throught IWD module of WaterWare The lateral flows will be checked and tested The recent Gediz baseline scenario will be run with a different year’s data set(1982?) One or two more calibration/control nodes will be added to the system

Planned Work for Next Phase All the rest of the “River Basin Objects” will be identified in Object Data Base The economic data such operation and water-use costs and related benefits of the nodes will be compiled More reliable water quality data of the irrigation return flows will be searched More data on the groundwater structure of the basin will be compiled

THANK YOU!