Scientific Tools and Procedures
A Common Measurement System Le Syste’me International d’Unite’s (or SI)
A Common Measurement System
A Common Measurement System
A Common Measurement System
Analyzing Biological Data Models
Analyzing Biological Data : Models
Models
Models (Weather)
Models Models are very useful in making predictions They are also very useful when time and size are prohibitive for direct observation.
Computers
Graphs
Graphs
Graphs
Satellites
Microscopes (Compound/Light) Provides easy and relatively inexpensive observation of objects too small for the unaided eye. Good for magnification up to about 1000x. Objects smaller in dimension than the smallest visible wavelength of light are invisible to the unaided eye and cannot be resolved by light microscope. Useful in viewing live specimens. Color can often be seen. Dies and stains often used to aid in observation. Video cameras can be used as well. Stereo (dissection) microscopes also show dimension, although they do not usually magnify as highly as conventional compound microscopes.
Electron Microscopes SEM (scanning electron microscope) extremely high detail TEM (transmission electron microscope) can resolve smaller subjects Produce electron micrographs Specimen must be dead and prepared in order to be imaged Able to detect much smaller structures than the light microscope Artifacts (human caused changes/alterations) possible thus making authenticity of image somewhat questionable in some cases
Electron Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
T.E.M.
T.E.M micrograph of polio virus and cell cross section
Electron Microscopes
S.E.M.
S.E.M. Micrograph (pollen grains)
S.E.M Micrograph (bluebottle fly maggot head)
Laboratory Techniques: Cell Cultures
Cell Culture
Cell Fractionation
Centrifuge
Centrifuge
Lab Safety: Pay attention to instructions. Use common sense. Ere on the side of caution. Keep goggles on when goggles are necessary. Stop and listen when the teacher calls for your attention. Did I say to use common sense?