Warm-up How do you plan to prepare for tomorrow’s test? Include at least 3 specific things that you plan to do. Is there anything that you are still confused about from this unit?

Test Review Chapters 1 and 2

What do you need to know? Latitude and Longitude Time Zones Maps and Topographic Maps Units and Measurement Scientific Method/Nature of Science Branches of Earth Science

Review notes and website Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Study Guide Review powerpoints on class website Review notes and handouts (posted on class website if you can’t find yours) Unit 0 Study Guide and fact sheet

Latitude and Longitude What are they? What are the reference points for each? Prime Meridian and equator Be able to plot points on a map given latitude and longitude Cardinal directions (N, S, E, W)

Latitude The North Pole is at 90° N The South Pole is at 90° S 40° N is the 40° line of latitude north of the equator. 40° S is the 40° line of latitude south of the equator. The equator is at 0° latitude. It is neither north nor south. It is at the center between north and south. TEKS: Social Studies – 6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly 7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian. 60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian. 60° W is the 60° line of longitude west of the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west W E TEKS: Social Studies – 6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly 7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

What are the coordinates for Chicago, New Orleans, Buenos Aires, Paris, Baghdad and Sydney?

Chicago (45N, 90W) New Orleans (30N,90W) Buenos Aires (30S, 60W) Paris (55N, 15E) Baghdad (35N, 45E) Sydney (35S, 165E)

Time Zones How does travelling east change the time? What about travelling west? International Date Line: What happens when you cross it going east? What about when you go west? If you know the time in one zone, be able to determine the time in another zone.

LONGITUDE AND TIME The world rotates (spins) 360° in 24 hours. 360° / 24 hours = 15° per hour The world has 24 time zones, each l5° apart. IN GENERAL, THERE IS A 1 HOUR TIME DIFFERENCE FOR EVERY 15° OF LONGITUDE

Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING EAST INCREASE Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS Time is backward to all places to the west

World Time Zones

If it is 3 PM in New Orleans, what time is it in Buenos Aires?

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180° SEPARATES CALENDAR DAYS. America to Asia – gain a day Asia to America – lose a day If you took a cruise on a ship, circumventing, or traveling around the entire planet, you would experience firsthand a phenomena that would help you understand the importance of an international dateline. An explorer by the name of Ferdinand Magellan did just that in the year 1519. Magellan along with 241 men set out to travel around the entire Earth. These men kept very careful records as they traveled. Yet, when they returned, they found that their calendars were off by one day with the calendars of everyone in their home countries. What happened? How did these men loose an entire day? The day was not lost all at once. It was lost little by little, as the traveled around the Earth. If you stay in one place, a day lasts 24 hours. However, if you travel the opposite direction of the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly longer than 24 hours, because you are traveling ahead of the setting sun. If you travel with the rotation of the Earth, your day will be slightly shorter than 24 hours, because you are traveling into the sunset. At any one moment there are actually two days on the Earth at the same time. A new day begins at mid-night on the International Dateline. It travels around the Earth, until 48 hours later it ends back at the International dateline. If you were to travel across the International Dateline, the date would change either forward, or backward. This line actually lies in the middle of a time zone. This means that the hour on the clock would not change, as you crossed over, just the date.

Maps/Topographic Maps Interpret a legend Interpret a topographic map How do you make a profile using the map? Contour lines, contour intervals, index contours, hachures

MAPS A MAP is a flat representation of a 3 dimensional object. All flat maps distort either the shapes or the landmasses because Earth is a curved, three-dimensional object

Contours Contour lines are lines of equal value (e.g. topographic contours are lines of equal elevation) A Contour interval is the height between two contour lines

PSC 121 Prince George's Community College Steep or flat? You can tell whether a region on a map is steep terrain (hill/mountain) or relatively flat (plain) by looking at contour lines. HOW? If the lines are close together, that means there is change in elevation. PSC 121 Prince George's Community College

Which map is steeper? A B

Units and Measurement Understand length, area, volume, mass, density, temperature Know the SI units for each Unit conversions (1kg = ?mg) Know the ladder!!!!! (and how to use the ladder method)

Units and Measurement SI units Kilograms – mass Meters – length Seconds – time Liters or meters3 – volume Density = mass/volume

Mass Just because an object is large, it doesn’t have to have a lot of matter – think of a balloon Mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object

Density Density is the mass per unit of volume of a material. Units are g/mL or g/cm3 Different materials have different densities. MORE dense materials sink, LESS dense materials rise

Units and Measurement Know the ladder and how to use it!

Distance Conversions How many millimeters are in 2.40 m? How many meters are equal to 742 cm?

Scientific Method/Nature of Science What is the cycle/steps of the scientific method? Dependent vs. Independent Variable Control Group vs. Experimental Group What is science? Theory, law, hypothesis

What is Science? Science uses observation and investigation Observations are recorded Experiments are conducted Models are tested Investigations follow a general pattern called the SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific Method/ Nature of Science 1. Ask a question 2. Do background research 3. Construct a hypothesis 4. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment 5. Analyze your data/draw a conclusion 6. Report your results

Experiment Vocabulary An experiment contains variables and controls A VARIABLE is something that can have more than one value. It changes, or varies. A CONSTANT is something that does not change. A CONTROL (or control group) is something to which the variable is not applied. Results are compared to the control.

Theories A THEORY is an explanation based on the results of many investigations A theory can be disproved, or can change, but a theory is NOT just a guess Examples of theories: Atomic Theory Cell Theory Newton’s Theory of Gravitation Big Bang Theory

A law does not explain why or how A theory can explain a law A LAW is a statement about what will happen under certain conditions – from observations! A law does not explain why or how A theory can explain a law Examples of laws: Newton’s Laws of Motion "why" "how"

Branches of Earth Science Astronomy Meteorology geology oceanography What does each branch study?