Hui Deng, Jing Liu, Yu Deng, Gangwen Han, Yiqun G. Shellman, Steven E

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CtBP1 Is Expressed in Melanoma and Represses the Transcription of p16INK4a and Brca1 Hui Deng, Jing Liu, Yu Deng, Gangwen Han, Yiqun G. Shellman, Steven E. Robinson, John J. Tentler, William A. Robinson, David A. Norris, Xiao-Jing Wang, Qinghong Zhang Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 133, Issue 5, Pages 1294-1301 (May 2013) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.487 Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Carboxyl-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) overexpression in human melanoma tissues. (a) Specificity of the anti-CtBP1 antibody was evaluated in immunofluorescence assays using the CtBP1-/- versus the CtBP1-rescued (CtBP1+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Bar=5μm. (b) CtBP1 overexpression is an early event in melanoma. Melanoma cases with positive CtBP1 staining were reported as a percentage of the total cases for the different pathological and clinical stages. (c) Human melanoma tissue array was stained for CtBP1. The Vector Red Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit 1 was used in the immunohistochemical development. (c, left panels) CtBP1-negative (CtBP1(-)) melanoma samples and (c, right panels) CtBP1-positive (CtBP1(+)) melanoma samples. Melanin presence was observed as dark brown patchy staining (lower left panel). Bar=40μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 1294-1301DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.487) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Carboxyl-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) represses p16INK4a expression in melanoma cells. (a) CtBP1 binding to the p16INK4a promoter. **P<0.01 versus IgG. (b) CtBP1 knockdown (siCtBP1-1 and siCtBP1-2) increased p16INK4a mRNA. (c) Nuclear p16INK4a staining was significantly increased by CtBP1 knockdown in A375 cells. Bar=5μm. (d) CtBP1 knockdown decreases proliferation of A375 cells. (e) Correlation between CtBP1 upregulation and p16INK4a downregulation in a human melanoma tissue array (US Biomax, ME1003). Note that top panels show a lesion with negative CtBP1 but positive p16INK4a staining (p16INK4a(+)CtBP1(-)). In contrast, a lesion with CtBP1 nuclear staining showed negative staining for p16INK4a in the consecutive section (lower panels, p16INK4a(-)CtBP1(+)). Bar=40μm. P=0.0001 between CtBP1 (+) and CtBP1 (-) groups, calculated by Fisher’s exact test. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 1294-1301DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.487) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Transcriptional regulation of Brca1 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) gene by Carboxyl-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) in melanoma cells. (a) CtBP1 binding to the Brca1 promoter in A375 cells. **P<0.01 versus IgG. (b) CtBP1 knockdown (siCtBP1-1 and siCtBP1-2) in A375 cells increased Brca1 mRNA. *P<0.05. (c) CtBP1 knockdown increases mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DNA-repair foci formation. A375 cells were transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for 48hours and treated with 10ngml−1 MMC for 24hours before being subjected to DNA-repair Brca1-foci staining. Bar=5μm. (d) Brca1 expression was upregulated by in vivo delivery of siRNAs to knockdown CtBP1 in A375 xenografts for 2 weeks. (e) CtBP1 knockdown decreases DNA breaks. A375 cells were isolated from xenografts and assayed for DNA breaks. Arrows point to cells with accumulated DNA breaks (comets). Bar=20μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 1294-1301DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.487) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Carboxyl-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) suppresses Brca1 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) expression in melanoma samples. (a) Decreased Brca1 expression in CtBP1 overexpressed melanoma cases (lower panels, Brca1(-)CtBP1(+)) in a human melanoma tissue array (US Biomax, ME1003). Bar=40μm. (b) Inverse correlation between CtBP1 and Brca1 expression in malignant melanoma lesions. The P-value between CtBP1 (+) and CtBP1 (-) groups was calculated by Fisher’s exact test. (c) Correlation between pH2AX upregulation and Brca1 downregulation in malignant melanoma lesions. Bar=10μm. (d) Brca1 expression was not upregulated by CtBP1 knockdown in MB1547 melanoma cells. (e) Brca1 expression was upregulated by CtBP1 knockdown (siCtBP1-1 and siCtBP1-2) in MB1589 melanoma cells from patient sample engrafts. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2013 133, 1294-1301DOI: (10.1038/jid.2012.487) Copyright © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions