The diversity of living things Chapter 17 Classification The diversity of living things

What is classification? Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics The science of classification is known as taxonomy Taxonomist are scientists that identify and name organisms

Taxonomists Aristotle John Ray Carolus Linnaeus divided organisms into plants & animals subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers John Ray  incorporated information about each plant’s pharmacological and medicinal qualities botanist who divided plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons, He was the first to use the concept of ‘species’ as a taxonomical sub-division Carolus Linnaeus Classified organisms by their structure, Developed naming system still used today Called the “Father of Taxonomy” modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Built on John Ray’s work, but never credited it

Binomial Nomenclature This system gives each organism a two part scientific name using Latin or Greek roots. Each organism receives a genus and species name: Genus names are always capitalized Species are not When written you must underline the entire name Italicized if typed Scientific names prevent confusion through language barriers and misnomers. They also allow us to accurately and uniformly name organisms.

Common Misnomers Sea cow Mudpuppy Bearcat Red Panda Killer Whale Honey Badger Sea cow-manatee Mudpyppy-salamander Bearcat- binturong Red panda-racoon like Killer whale/blackfish-dolphin (largest dolphin) Honey badger-marten

Latin names are understood by all taxonomists

Break it down now! Here’s an example Classification is broken down into groups called “taxa” which gives a hierarchy to the system.

The eight levels of classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Broadest taxa Dear King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti Most specific

The tree of life There are six kingdoms: Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia These kingdoms are separated by the three domains and their characteristics.

Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Most specific copyright cmassengale

Kingdoms 3. PROTISTA ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA protozoans, algae 4. FUNGI mushrooms, yeasts 5. PLANTAE multicellular plants 6. ANIMALIA multicellular animals ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment

Classification is based on relationships In order to view the relationships between organisms we look at their common ancestry or phylogeny. To do so we put these organisms into a cladogram. If organisms share traits then they are considered to have derived characteristics. Each node in a cladogram shows a break in the traits creating a different clade along the way.

Cladograms Cladograms are based on evolutionary traits and reveal species relatedness. In the beginning, taxonomists based these relationships on physical traits. Now we use genetics to look at relatedness. Some relationships may surprise you. The red panda is more closely related to raccoons than to the giant pandas.

Dichotomous Keys Another way to visualize relationships is by comparing two different species. Characteristics are given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set or identify the organism

Exit Ticket What is classification? Why is classifying living things important? What is taxonomy? Describe binomial nomenclature. What is a scientific name of an organism and how is it written? What are the eight classification groups? Once you have written your answers in complete sentences to the following questions, turn your paper into the tray. Chapter 17: The tree of life, starts on 518 if you need help.