World War I

Old Friends: Alliances 1839: Treaty of London: British vow to protect neutrality of Belgium 1879: Dual Alliance Treaty: Germany & Austrian-Hungary agree to protect each other against Russia 1892: Franco-Russian Military Alliance

GENERAL INFO ABOUT WWI Started July 28, 1914 Ended November 11, 1918 Almost 8 million dead 22 million wounded MAP OF EUROPE GREATLY CHANGED

BEFORE

AFTER

MAIN Causes of WWI Militarism - Building up a strong military to prepare for war (ARMS RACE) Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect one another European powers formed alliances PROBLEM: One event could drag all countries involved into a conflict Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically. Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country

Militarism World War I: first war using advanced weaponry and tactics Britain- largest navy in world Germany- spent more on army & navy than all other countries in Europe End up with 2nd largest navy & 2nd largest army British navy creates Dreadnoughts (Battleship) considered direct threat by Germans Germany responds with U-Boats (submarine) and Zeppelin Germany also creates Schlieffen Plan in case of a 2 Front War

Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente The Triple Alliance (central powers) of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy was counter-balanced by the Triple Entente (allies) of France, Russia, and Great Britain. As a result, by 1907 Europe was divided into two armed and rather fearful camps.

Other Alliances Germany & Ottoman Emp. Britain to protect Belgium neutrality France & Italy Russia to protect Serbia Britain & Japan

Imperialism in Africa Germany claims land in Africa Results in arguments w/ Great Britain, the Dutch, & France Moroccan Crisis I: (1905) provokes tension when Kaiser Wilhelm visits Algeria tells residents they should be independent - France cries foul. Conference is called & rest of world (all white) agree w/ France -Germany backs down Moroccan Crisis II: (1911) Germ sends a gunboat to Algeria to protest French occupation. Sees it will get no support from rest of world, compromised- Algeria is Fr. Protect. & Germ gets parts of Fr. Congo.

Interests Germany: is growing in to a military and economic powerhouse Russia: Huge population, Large amount of natural resources. Supports Slavic people in Serbia Serbia: wants to create southern state in Austrian and Turkish territory. France: wants the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany

Balkan Crisis Austria-Hungary increases empire into Eastern Europe Balkans Crisis I:(1908) A-H annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina. Serbia cries foul - Russia supports them. Germany sides w/ A-H. Serbia backs down. Balkan Crisis II: (1912-13) Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, & Greece all seize land from Ottoman Empire Austria intervenes & forces creation of Albania. Russia & Serbia draw closer together

Nationalism Different ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary wanted their own country - when Hungary achieved limited autonomy they were angry and resentful Serbians’ desire for a greater Empire led to increased diplomatic talks with Bosnia The SPARK: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Serbia is blamed.

THE BLACK HAND Black Hand: Serbian terrorist group Main Objective of the Black Hand was the creation of a Greater Serbia, by means of violence. Black Hand believed Bosnia should belong to Serbia

Domino Effect A-H sends ultimatum to Serbia demanding those who were responsible for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Serbia looks to Russia for help. Russia agrees. A-H calls on Germany for assistance in case of war. Russia turns to France for support. France agrees. 7/28 A-H declares war on Serbia. 7/30 Russia mobilizes. 8/1 Germany declares war on Russia. 8/3 Germany then declares war on France. Belgium refuses German request to cross territory, Germany invades, Britain enters war- 8/4 8/6- A-H declares war on Russia It’s on!