Protein Synthesis What is it? Production of proteins Where in the cell does it take place? Hint: What are the “little factories”? Ribosomes….!!! What parts of our bodies are made of Protein? Almost everything… Nails Hair Muscles Digestive enzymes Hemoglobin in RBC’s

Amino Acids or AA

What is proteins? Amino Acids or AA Where can you find protein? In food… Meat Cheeze Eggs, etc… Legumes – peas, beans What is Protein made of? Small building blocks called………..? Amino Acids or AA

The DNA Code Chromosomes are made of DNA. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes. The sequence of bases in a gene forms a code that tells the cell what protein to produce. In DNA Adenine (A) always pairs up with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always pairs up with Cytosine (C) In RNA Adenine (A) pairs up with Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)

Amino Acids or AA About 20 Amino Acids exist in nature Our bodies make some of the Amino Acids These are called? * Non-essential AA - there are 12 The rest of the Amino Acids we need to get from food * Essential AA – there are 8

Nucleic acids There are 2 types of Nucleic acids in the Nucleus of the cell 1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid Master program, controls everything in the organism including production of Proteins 2. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Helps DNA do its job There are 3 types of RNA: * Transfer RNA - tRNA * Messenger RNA - mRNA * Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

Transfer RNA or tRNA Transfer RNA or tRNA Carries specific Amino acids from tRNA Cytoplasm to Ribosomes Amino acid Each Amino Acid has its own The Anticodon matches up Anticodon with the bases on the Codon What is the Codon for this Anticodon? A C G U G C

Messenger RNA or mRNA In RNA there is no Thymine. Adenine matches up with another base called Uracil Example: A-U Messenger RNA or mRNA - Copies the coded message in DNA for specific proteins, and carries that message from nucleus to Ribosomes, where Protein Synthesis, or production of proteins takes place. What is the coded message? It is called a Codon and is made of 3 Nitrogen bases Each amino acid has a specific Codon Example: AAU CCG ACG UAG etc.

tRNA unit

Codon What is it? Special 3 letter code for amino acids Each code is made of 3 nitrogen bases Example: AAU CCG ACG UAG etc. Each Amino acids has its own specific code mRNA carries the code or “codon” for Amino Acids from DNA to Ribosomes

Anticodon tRNA carries the “anticodon” for Amino Acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes The ‘codon” and “anticodons” match up in the Ribosomes They keep matching up until protein is complete A protein can be made from 10 to 1000’s of amino acids

How Cells Make Proteins During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene (DNA) on a chromosome to produce a specific protein.

How Cells Make Proteins

RNA helps DNA make proteins Proteins are made of Amino Acids or AA Protein Synthesis Production of proteins RNA has the base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine Uracil always matches up with Adenine RNA helps DNA make proteins Proteins are made of Amino Acids or AA Messenger RNA or mRNA copies the code or 3 letter “codon” for proteins from DNA mRNA travels to Ribosomes

How Nitrogen bases combine to make the 3 letter code for Amino Acids

tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes Each Amino acid has a specific 3 letter “anticodon” mRNA “codon” matches up with tRNA “anticodon” “codons’ and “anticodons” keep matching up until protein is complete and goes to do its job in cells and body

Protein Synthesis RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA includes functions to Carry the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm Add amino acids to the growing protein Copy the coded message from the DNA Carry amino acids

Name:_________________ Group:_______ Date:_______ Protein Synthesis RNA has the base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine Uracil always matches up with Adenine

tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes Each Amino acid has a specific 3 letter “anticodon” mRNA “codon” matches up with tRNA “anticodon” “codons’ and “anticodons” keep matching up until protein is complete and goes to do its job in cells and body

Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU