14.2 Changes in Culture and Education Pgs. 249-251

Changes in Culture and Education Europe shifted from an idealist view of society to one based on reality. Writers and artists created works that reflected what they saw, instead of what they imagined. Leaders began to recognize the importance of the education of people. Public education became readily available to the population.

Romanticism The 19th century was a time of change, and the arts were no exception. Romanticism dominated the first half of the century. This time period aimed to imitate the past, specifically the medieval times with the calls for chivalry.

Romanticism It placed an importance on the mysterious and the supernatural, as well as the love of freedom, nationalism, and nature. Paintings are often peaceful scenes. Some artists painted scenes from revolutions.

Romanticism Composers reacted the classical style, by going to emotion-filled romantic style. Beethoven is the best known composer from this time period. He mixed romantic and classical styles in his work.

Romanticism Romantic art and literature empathized emotion rather than reason. Romanticism taught that a person should “follow his/her heart.” Rise up against impossible odds, be the hero.

Realism By the middle of the century, realism replaced romanticism in art. Instead of a fantasy of what life could be, it focused n reality. In writing and painting, realistic pictured things in realistic detail. Unfortunately, realism picture things negatively.

Realism Realist authors did not abandon emotion in their writings, instead they sought to describe daily life. Charles Dickens wrote about the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution. He described the terrible conditions of the workers and provided an insight into “debtor prison.”

Realism Painters produced works that described every day life. Photography developed during this period.

WB 113-114

Education Education was limited until the 19th century. Religious schools were still opening. In Britain and France, public education became a priority. Education

Education The government created and financially supported schools. Basic education was finally available to most children in these countries. Education

Education Early private education in Britain began with Sunday School. Though we think about Sunday School as a time for Bible training, it was also an effort to teach poor children. In 1831, over 1 million children attended and learned to read.

Education The public school system began in 1833. By the 1840s, the government was helping create curriculum.

Education A law passed making school mandatory from the ages of 5-10. In 1893, programs for the blind and deaf were developed. By 1918, school was mandatory till age 14, and students had to be at least part-time until age 18.

Education Prussia became one of the first nations to provide free education for children. In 1871, after unifying to become Germany, they continued to make great advances in education. Established first secondary school for girls.

Education Secondary schools trained students in ancient and modern languages. Students who didn’t qualify for college, received technical training for industrial jobs. By the end of the 1800s, Germany had the finest education system in Europe.

Education Germany regulated its schools. They also demanded the right to set educational standards.

Education Modern French education began toward the end of the 1800s. Jules Ferry, the Minister of Public Instruction, formed a republican school system. All children must go to school until age 15.

Education School became free and secular. Prior to this, school was produced by the Catholics. This system has continued in France with little change.

14.2 Section Quiz