Schematic representation of the involvement of each of the four genes on virulence factor expression. Schematic representation of the involvement of each.

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Schematic representation of the involvement of each of the four genes on virulence factor expression. Schematic representation of the involvement of each of the four genes on virulence factor expression. HapR binds to the aphA promoter, resulting in a decrease in virulence factor production, and H-NS decreases virulence factor production through a mechanism of transcriptional silencing. LuxO works in a manner contrary to that of HapR, and VieA degrades c-di-GMP, both of which result in indirect upregulation of virulence factor production. qrr, quorum regulatory RNA; sRNA, small RNA. Bailey M. Carignan et al. mSphere 2016; doi:10.1128/mSphere.00253-16