Percent change in behavioral dominance index and levels of plasma cortisol in descenders, non-descenders and controls. Percent change in behavioral dominance.

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Percent change in behavioral dominance index and levels of plasma cortisol in descenders, non-descenders and controls. Percent change in behavioral dominance index and levels of plasma cortisol in descenders, non-descenders and controls. (A) Males that descended in status showed the greatest decrease in dominance index, indicating they performed more subordinate and fewer dominant behaviors during the trial. Non-descenders showed little change in dominance index, while controls showed a slight decrease in dominance index because they lacked interaction with another male during the trial. Data are plotted as the mean ± s.e.m. percent change in dominance index between pre-trial and trial periods. (B) Descending males had higher plasma cortisol levels compared with males that maintained their territory and dominance status (non-descenders and controls). Data are plotted as means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate statistical differences at P<0.05. N=12 fish per group. Karen P. Maruska et al. J Exp Biol 2013;216:3656-3666 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd