Fig. 1 Humans are equipped with high-threshold and very fast conducting primary afferents. Humans are equipped with high-threshold and very fast conducting.

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Discriminative and Affective Touch: Sensing and Feeling

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Fig. 1 Humans are equipped with high-threshold and very fast conducting primary afferents. Humans are equipped with high-threshold and very fast conducting primary afferents. (A) Location of myelinated HTMR receptive fields from recordings in the peroneal and radial nerves. Each red dot represents the location of an individual A-HTMR (n = 18). The pattern of receptive field spots, mapped with a Semmes-Weinstein monofilament, is shown for two A-HTMRs (marked by arrows; top, radial; bottom, peroneal). Receptive field spots were redrawn on photographic images so they can easily be seen. The horizontal lines represent the medial-lateral dimension, and the vertical lines represent the proximal-distal dimension. The average size of an A-HTMR receptive field, mapped using a filament force six times higher than that for an A-LTMR, was 26.8 mm2 (±6.9; n = 9). This was significantly smaller than the receptive field of field afferents (100.5 ± 7.2 mm2; n = 51; P < 0.0001, Dunnett’s test) but was not different from that of SA1 afferents (41.6 ± 7.5 mm2; n = 17; P > 0.05, Dunnett’s test). (B) Brush responses of an A-HTMR and a field afferent. Using a soft or a coarse brush, the skin area centered on the receptive field of the recorded afferent was gently stroked at 3 cm/s. The field afferent responded vigorously to soft brush stroking. The A-HTMR did not respond to soft brush stroking, but it did respond to coarse brush stroking. The mechanical threshold of this A-HTMR was 4 mN, and the conduction velocity was 52 m/s. It responded to pinching, and its receptive field moved with skin translocation. Freq, frequency. (C) Mechanical threshold distribution of HTMRs and LTMRs in the recorded sample. For RA1 afferents, the preferred stimulus is hair movement, so monofilament thresholds were not measured. For A-HTMR, the median mechanical threshold was 10.0 mN (Q, 5.5–20.0; n = 18). This was significantly higher than the mechanical thresholds of all tested A-LTMR types (at least P < 0.001 for all individual comparisons, Dunn’s test) but was not different from C-HTMRs (10.0 mN; Q, 10.0–27.0; n = 5). (D) Spike activity of an A-HTMR to electrical and mechanical stimulations of the receptive field. Individual electrically and mechanically evoked spikes were superimposed on an expanded time scale to show that the electrically stimulated spike (used for latency measurement) was from the same unit as the one that was mechanically probed at the receptive field. (E) Conduction velocities of HTMRs and LTMRs to surface electrical stimulation (and monofilament tapping in case of one HTMR, conducting at 30 m/s). The data show individual and average (±SEM) conduction velocities of single afferents from peroneal (circles) and radial (diamonds) nerves. Conduction velocities of peroneal A-HTMRs (33.5 ± 2.1; n = 13) were statistically indistinguishable from peroneal A-LTMRs [SA1: 39.8 ± 2.3, n = 10; SA2: 38.6 ± 4.0, n = 4; RA1: 36.8 ± 2.8, n = 6; field: 34.3 ± 1.3, n = 18; F(4,46) = 1.70; P = 0.17, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. All three peroneal C-HTMRs were conducting at 0.9 m/s. In comparison to the peroneal nerve, conduction velocities of A-fiber types were faster in the radial nerve as expected (A-HTMR: 54.5 ± 2.4, n = 4; SA1: 56.8 m/s, n = 1; SA2: 53.0 ± 3.3, n = 3; RA1: 48.7 ± 1.6, n = 3; field: 47.3 ± 0.2, n = 2) (46). Both radial C-HTMRs were conducting at 1.1 m/s. Conduction velocity of RA2 afferents was not measured. (F) Slowly adapting properties of an A-HTMR at higher indentation forces. Spike activity of a field afferent and an A-HTMR during monofilament stimulation at three different forces, applied using electronic filaments with force feedback. Compared to the field afferent, the A-HTMR showed a sustained response at a lower indentation force (see also fig. S1). Saad S. Nagi et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaaw1297 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).