Unit 1: Population (Part V) Population pyramids

Dependency Ratio The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

0-14 = Dependents 15-64 = Workers 65+ = Dependents Dependency Ratio DR = Number of Dependents (0-14 and 65+) Number of Working-age (15-64) X 100

Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country - dependency age is 0-15

The Ageing World

Europe and North America = 95:100 Gender Ratio Gender (Sex) Ratio: number of males per hundred females In general more males are born than females Males have higher death rates Examples: Europe and North America = 95:100 Rest of World = 102:100

Gender Ratio – Developing Countries Have large % of young people –where males generally outnumber females Lower % of older people – where females are typically more numerous High immigration = more males

Population Pyramids A country’s stage in Demographic Transition gives it a distinctive population structure Also called Age/Sex Pyramids Population composition on graph: Males = left side of the vertical axis Females = right side of the vertical axis Age = order sequentially with youngest at the bottom and oldest at the top (usually by five-year cohorts)

5 Stages of DTM relative to Population Pyramids

Population Structure Poor Countries (Stage 2) A wide base is the result of a high CBR A narrow apex shows relatively low life expectancy Big decreases upwards on pyramid indicate high CDR Rich Countries (Stage 4) Narrow base due to decreasing/low CBR Apex that gradually tapers upwards shows low CDRs and long life expectancy High percentage of the population is near age of 65

Problems Caused by Different Population Structures More Economically Developed Countries -increased ageing population causes stagnation and population decline. Increased burden on economically active. Leads to closure of schools and maternity wards. May possibly raise the retirement age and tax rates to compensate for the lack of economically active people. Less Economically Developed Countries-high percentage of young dependents means more money is spent on childcare, education, schools cannot cope, therefore girls are less likely to be educated, leading to high CBR. Unemployment increases because the number of jobs cannot keep up with population increase.

Population Pyramid Summary for United States: 1950, 2025, 2050   Population Pyramid Summary for United States: 1950, 2025, 2050

Population Pyramids Summary for India: 2000, 2050, 2100

One “weird” pyramid-Bahrain (middle east) 2020

Population Woes for East Asia: Japan 1970s-BR 2.1/2015-BR 1.0 Japanese are living longer Highest proportion of elderly in the world Currently 20% of population is over 65 By 2040-40% will be over 65 WHAT WILL THEIR FUTURE PYRAMID RESEMBLE? Here you go…

Population Woes for East Asia: China’s past, present and future China (1/5th of the world’s population)-1.36 billion One-Child Policy-implemented in 1979, prevented over 400 million births. Reduced TFR from 5.3 to 1.5 Fall in fertility rates due to improving economic and social factors in urban areas Late-term abortions encouraged Baby girls sold for average of $3,000/baby Couples are fined $3,000 per additional child beyond one in urban areas Rural families were allowed to have two children if first was a girl China now has one of the oldest populations in the world-30% over 50 yrs. old WHAT WILL THEIR FUTURE PYRAMID RESEMBLE?

China

The End of the “pyramid” (for developed countries) http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2014/11/daily-chart-10