What was non-violent direct action? Tuesday, 20 August 2019 Do Now: Recap What was non-violent direct action? 2. Why did King’s northern campaign (Chicago) fail? 3. What did SNCC and CORE decide to do in 1965? 4. What was ‘Black Power’ and why were its key proponents? 5. List three reasons why black, Native and Hispanic Americans campaigned for civil rights? Correct in green pen. Impatient young generation, segregation, poverty Challenge: How did the rift between the NCAI and the NIYC mimic that of the black Civil Rights movement?

What was non-violent direct action? Tuesday, 20 August 2019 Do Now: Recap What was non-violent direct action? 2. Why did King’s northern campaign (Chicago) fail? 3. What did SNCC and CORE decide to do in 1965? 4. What was ‘Black Power’ and why were its key proponents? 5. List three reasons why black, Native and Hispanic Americans campaigned for civil rights? Correct in green pen. Challenges an unjust power dynamics using protest, non-cooperation, and intervention without the use or threat of injurious force. No clear understanding of the plight of the northern de facto segregation / who the ‘enemy’ was – no Bull Connor or KKK to expose on TV. Ghetto poverty. Did not identify with middle class minister. Expel their white members (Carmichael and McKissick) Racial pride, education, self-defence (militancy), control of law and streets. Black Panther Party, Malcolm X, SNCC and CORE. Impatient young generation, segregation, poverty Impatient young generation, segregation, poverty Challenge: How did the rift between the NCAI and the NIYC mimic that of the black Civil Rights movement? NAACP vs Black Power (red power)

Native American Campaigns Litigation e.g. Montana Northern Cheyenne reservation renegotiation of mineral rights, Washington ‘fish-in’. Red Power – when AIM monitored police, NA in jail by 60%; 1967 ‘reoccupation’ of Alcatraz island; 1973 Wounded Knee Pine Ridge occupation ‘Indian Bill of Rights’ within 1968 CRA Johnson’s War on Poverty may have encourage dependency Still amongst poorest Americans

The Wounded Knee Massacre was the is the site where the last major battle of the American Indian Wars took place. The site is currently a National Historic Landmark owned by the government. A small memorial represents the site’s significance.

Johnny Depp wants to buy the site of Wounded Knee massacre and give it back to the Native Americans. ‘I am doing my best to make that happen. It’s land they were pushed on to and then they were massacred there. It really saddens me’ “It’s very sacred ground and many atrocities were committed against the Sioux there,” he said. “And in the 1970s there was a stand-off between the Feds and the people who should own that land. This historical land is so important to the Sioux Culture and all I want to do is buy it and give it back. Why doesn’t the government do that?”

How similar were the origins and methods of Hispanic-American campaigns to that of other minority groups? It’s a question, so it needs a ? underlined LOs: 1. To identify similarities and differences between origins of movements 2. To identify similarities and differences between methods of movements 3. To judge the extent of success

Hispanic = Spanish speaking background Puerto Ricans = Poor areas of Northern cities, especially Chicago and NYC. Mexicans = Texas and California, often working on the land. The bracero programme of 1942-64 guaranteed incoming the same wages as existing workers, guaranteed levels of housing and working conditions and work for a period of time. 4.6m contracts signed. This did not always work, and the fact that Mexican immigrants accepted lower wages encouraged resentment amongst existing labourers. Cubans = Florida

LULAC The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), founded in 1929, is the oldest and most widely respected Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States of America. In 1945, a California LULAC Council successfully sued to integrate the Orange County School System, which had been segregated on the grounds that Mexican children were “more poorly clothed and mentally inferior to white children.” Additionally, in 1954, LULAC brought another landmark case, Hernandez vs. the State of Texas, to protest the fact that a Mexican American had never been called to jury duty in the state of Texas. The Supreme Court ruled this exclusion unconstitutional. 

Cesar Chavez The black civil rights movement inspired other ethnic minorities to push for better civil rights. Chavez was an American of Mexican ancestry and like many had been a migrant farm worker. He created the United Farm Workers union in 1965 and helped organise a strike against grape growers in California. Like MLK he supported non-violent methods and led supporters on a 300mi march to the state capitol to protest for more civil rights. Part of the problem was that Mexican-Americans were less educated than blacks, many did not speak English and were illegal immigrants. His actions led to better rights and a greater pride in Mexican-American culture and Catholicism.

Task One: Using pages 139-142, complete each stage in your flowchart to explain the origins of the movement and the four methods of campaign. Challenge: Identify similarities and differences for each protest method to that of black CR campaigns

Task Two: Using pages 142-3, complete each stage in your flowchart to explain the divisions within the movement and the aims and achievements of the more militant campaigns of Puerto Ricans and the Chicano Movement. Challenge: Complete the Venn diagram on the reverse to identify similarities and differences between Hispanic American and black Civil Rights campaigns.

Strongly Agree Agree Strongly Disagree Disagree ““Minority Rights campaigners mimicked the tactics of the black civil rights movement.” How far do you agree with this statement? Agree Strongly Agree You cannot sit on the fence! Disagree Strongly Disagree

Black Civil Rights campaigners Hispanic Civil Rights Campaigners

Making comparisons: Complete the Venn diagram to show similarities and differences. Write a judgement to answer the question, “Minority Rights campaigners mimicked the tactics of the black civil rights movement.” How far do you agree? Who achieved the most over the time period and why was this? What were the main factors that brought about change? Challenge: How accurate is it to say that minority rights campaigns achieved considerable success in the years 1945–70? [20]

Possible exam questions How far do you agree that Hispanics had made significant gains in their fight for civil rights by 1980? How accurate is it to say that minority rights campaigns achieved considerable success in the years 1960–80?

Homework Complete any outstanding notes Foner Give me Liberty! Be prepared to answer the focus questions.