Update on activities of Bulgaria within/related to EMEP Ekaterina Batchvarova (National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology/Bulgaria)

1. Reporting gridded emissions The Executive Environmental Agency at the Ministry of Environment and waters gives this task to different companies. Last time the emissions from 2015 were reported to CEIP in 2017 and the works was carried out at the National Institute of Geophysics, Geography and Geodesy where scientists using AQ models develop them according to the guide. Prof. Dimiter Syrakov is among them. BULGARIA NFR 15 February 2017 29 April 2017 1 June 2017 IIR 14 March 2017

2. Observations Two stations in Bulgaria are in the CCC list BG0001R BEO Moussala (research site) 42°10'00"N 023°35'00"E 2971.0 m BG0053R Rojen peak (ExEA site) 41°41'45"N 024°44'19"E 1750.0 m But data only from one of them are reported regularly and only for ozone.

EMEP STATUS REPORT 1/2016 129 sites measure inorganic ions in precipitation and/or main components in air; 69 sites measure either PM10 or PM2.5 mass, 43 of measure both size fractions. 138 sites measure ozone BG0053R - Rojen Peak (1750 m, 41° 41' 45'' N, 24° 44' 19'' E)

BG0053R Operated by ExEA and providing to CCC Ozone data since 2003 and current (last data for 2015, as all other stations). Used for validation in the EMEP report 2016 for Bulgaria

3. Research activities Scientists from NIMH did succeed to obtain under different funding programmes and work on 2 small projects related to deposition in Bulgaria – measurements and modelling SAAP4FUTURE (2014-2015) - a joint study of air pollution problems in the cross-border region Bulgaria –Turkey at Black Sea coast. E. Georgieva et al, “Atmospheric pollution in the cross-border region BURGAS –KIRKLARELI”, IntegratedLand- UseModellingofBlackSea, Estuaries, Ed: H. YemendzhievandV. Nenov, DiagnosisPress, Sofia, 179-190, 2015 - Study on transport processes and deposition of atmospheric pollutants in Bulgaria (2017-2019) - Bulgarian National Science Fund contract DN-04/4- 15.12.2016 Harmo18 conference paper PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CMAQ MODELLED WET DEPOSITION OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN OVER BULGARIA by Emilia Georgieva, Elena Hristova, Dimiter Syrakov, Maria Prodanova and Ekaterina Batchvarova

SAAP4FUTURE AQ monitoring and deposition experimental sites Air quality monitoring stations in the studied region: in orange in Burgas District, in green – in Kirklareli Province The sampling sites in the cross-border area organized within the project SAAP4FUTURE

Ahtopol site and

Concentration of main cations (mgL-1 different colors) in precipitation samples for different days at the four sampling sites – At Kaynarca the cation with highest concentration is NH4+, suggesting agricultural activities. Major source of Ca2+ in the atmosphere is the soil – the other 3 stations.

Ahtopol and Burgas the acidity of the precipitation for the selected days was in general on the acid range (below 5.6), the character of the precipitation in Kirklareli and Kaynarca was in the alkaline range (above 6.5). Different anions at the BG and TR sites, chlorine at the coast.

The precipitation samples were also analyzed for heavy metals as Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Metal air pollution is of major concern since it is global and contributes to contamination of all the components of the environment.

The WRF/CMAQ system with TNO emissions and resolution 9 km for AQ forecast Mean hourly concentrations (µgm-3) for: left - O3 at 13 UTC on Aug 11, 2014; middle -NO2 at 18 UTC on Jun 02, 2014; right – PM10 at 04 UTC on Nov 1 , 2014 Now the system is run on 3 km resolution and the results will be compared with data

The current deposition project Sofia data March-June 2016 The pH values for the period from March to June 2016 were in the range (4.7 - 7.6). From all precipitation samples 33% are in acidic range (below 5.6), 58% are in alkaline range and 8% are in neutral range. The contribution of sulphate and nitrate (the acidifying components) are 34.1% and 24.8%, respectively. 33.8% of the total ionic mass are on alkaline cations (NH4 + , Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe). This explains the higher percentage of precipitation samples with pH value above 5.6 (58%). The concentration of main anions and cations in precipitation samples followed the order: SO4 2->NO3 -> Ca > NH4 + , Cl- > K > Na > Mg >Si > Fe, Zn.

Wet deposition estimated by the model (WRF/CMAQ on 1 km resolution for Sofia) depends of simulated precipitation amounts. To account for these errors, a correction is applied as post-processing to CMAQ estimated wet depositions. The precipitation bias adjustment follows the work by Appel et al., 2011, where the modelled wet depositions are linearly corrected by the ratio of the observed to estimated precipitation.

Conclusion WRF/CMAQ system and TNO emissions are used in Bulgaria to study air quality and deposition processes. Data within Bulgaria start to be available on project basis and not on continuous monitoring. The scientific community is interested to participate in EMEP/GAW/ACTRIS etc international activities. Difficult to join international consortia due to the poor research infrastructure.

Thank you for your attention!