Schematic diagram showing different disease models in zebrafish.

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The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: An X-linked Primary Immunodeficiency

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Schematic diagram showing different disease models in zebrafish. Schematic diagram showing different disease models in zebrafish. (A) In mammals, under normal conditions, tissue injury leads to neutrophils becoming mobilized from the hematopoietic tissue, migrating into the vasculature and exiting the vasculature at sites that are close to the site of injury. Neutrophil migration across the endothelium occurs either through transcellular (i.e. through the cell body) or paracellular (i.e. through cell–cell junctions) routes. Neutrophils then undergo interstitial migration to reach the site of injury. In zebrafish, neutrophils can be recruited directly from the hematopoietic tissue to wounds in certain contexts (Yoo et al., 2011). (B) In patients with WHIM syndrome (Walters et al., 2010), neutrophils are retained in hematopoietic tissue by constitutively active CXCR4 signaling and are, therefore, absent from the vasculature or site of injury. (C) In patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency as a result of a dominant inhibitory mutation in Rac2 (Deng et al., 2011), neutrophils are released into the vasculature, but are not able to migrate out of the vasculature and are, therefore, absent at sites of injury. (D) In patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, which is caused by a WASP deficiency (Cvejic et al., 2008), neutrophils are not able to efficiently migrate to the site of tissue injury. Qing Deng, and Anna Huttenlocher J Cell Sci 2012;125:3949-3956 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd