Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan BOT3015L Biology of Flowering Plants: Reproduction Flowers and Pollination The material we will discuss today is also presented in the lecture notes, Angiosperm Morphology and Flowering. Reproduction is vital for evoultion. Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted

Today Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots

Flowers are distinguishing characteristics of angiosperms All fruits come from flowers Angion=vessel Sperma=seed Angiosperms have seeds contained in a vessel (developing ovary) Saguaro cactus Cherry Example flowers collage. Define angiosperm Apple Cattleya orchid Sunflowers

How are these functions important for the survival of species? Flowers What are the functions of flowers? How are these functions important for the survival of species? Flower dissection Honeysuckle

Alternation of Generations generalized plant life cycle In angiosperms, gametophytes are borne within the reproductive structures of the flower; thus flowers are important when discussing evolution of angiosperms

Flower dissection a guided tour Notice the arrangement of the floral parts

Arrangements of floral organs Primitive Advanced Spiral arrangement of floral organs. Stamens Sepals Petals Carpels Arrangement of floral organs in whorls.

Flower dissection a guided tour What are the functions of these floral parts? Note that the petals are inserted after the sepals

Flower dissection a guided tour What are the functions of the stamens? stamen Hint: collectively, the stamens are termed the androecium (andro=male, ecium=house). We will discuss the microgametophyte next week

The stamens of most grasses (left) and the paper birch (right) are easily blown by wind. The flowers of most grasses do not have showy petals, why?

Flower dissection a guided tour Ovary, ovules (within ovary), style, and stigma comprise the carpel (megasporophyll) stamen What are the functions of the carpel? We will discuss more about the megagametophyte next week

Alternation of Generations generalized plant life cycle Requires pollination In angiosperms, gametophytes are born within the reproductive structures of the flower; thus flowers are important when discussing evolution of angiosperms

Today Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots

Pollination In angiosperms, movement of the microgametophyte (pollen grain) to the megagametophyte in the ovule of the carpel How does a sessile organism, the microgametophyte in the case of angiosperms move? Vectors In the following discussion, notice the co-evolution of flowers and their biotic vectors

Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Nectar On the right, perianth segments modified onto nectar-filled tubes that are inaccesible to most animals, except their pollinators, hummingbirds. Notice the pollen on the hummingbird’s forehead and the stigma that touches it as he feeds

Seat bee gathering pollen from the stamens of a cactus flower Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Pollen Seat bee gathering pollen from the stamens of a cactus flower

Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Drugs (Intoxication) Flies find the chemical inside the pouch-like petal to be attractive and intoxicating. As they exit the pouch, pollen is deposited on them. Cypridium sp. Koning, Ross E. 1994. Pollination Adaptations. Plant Physiology Information Website. http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/pollenadapt.html. (5-25-105).

Some plants make big investments in attracting animal pollination vectors Prospect of Sex (pseudocopulation) photonature-pvd.chez.tiscali.fr/ ophrys.htm Ophrys bécasse Charente Ophrys speculum

Plants that rely on wind make big investments in pollen Notice the stigmas that fan out to easily catch pollen birch grass

Pollination Biology movie

Today Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots

Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure 1. Reduction in number of parts

Perfect and Imperfect flowers From Outlaw lecture

Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs

Fusion of floral parts Outlaw lecture notes Angel trumpet has fused petals that form a floral tube

Notice the stamens fused to the carpel of this hibiscus flower Fusion of organs Danielle Sherdan NE Tallahassee, FL Notice the stamens fused to the carpel of this hibiscus flower

Fusion of floral parts Superior and Inferior ovaries Ancestral Derived Superior ovary (primitive)—note typical appearance of order of insertion of floral parts. Inferior, floral tube fused to ovary wall, making ovary appear to arise below other floral parts. Superior, parts still appear to arise in normal order.

Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs 4. Away from marginal placentation

Seeds attached to margin of single carpel Placentation Within each ovule, double fertilization, a distinguishing characteristic of angiosperms, produces the zygote and endosperm. Marginal Seeds attached to margin of single carpel Primitive Advanced Fusion of carpels Parietal The ovary develops into the fruit, another distinguishing characteristic of angiosperms Axile Free central

Evolutionary Trends in Floral Structure Reduction in number of parts 2. Cyclic arrangement (vs. spiral) 3. Fusion of organs 4. Away from marginal placentation 5. Away from regularity e.g. toward bilateral symmetry over radial symmetry

Bilateral and Radial Symmetry This wintergreen displays radial symmetry, which is primitive, but fused carpels, which is derived This orchid, an advanced monocot, displays bilateral symmetry

Today Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots

Inflorescences Groups of flowers in particular arrangements Some examples Lupine

Inflorescences Groups of flowers in particular arrangements What is a fitness advantage of having inflorescences? What is a fitness disadvantage of having inflorescences?

Inflorescences Groups of flowers in particular arrangements Notice that these composites display many evolutionarily advanced characteristics

Today Introducing angiosperms, flower structure and function Pollination Evolutionary trends in floral structure Inflorescences Monocots and dicots

Monocots and Dicots the two major groups of angiosperms Monocots and dicots have several differentiating characteristics Number of cotyledons Observe today Leaf venation Number of flower parts Seed structure at maturity In your lab notebook, create a table to contrast these traits in monocots and dicots Function of cotyledons Root structure Secondary growth in shoot Arrangement of vascular bundles