CCUS is the future for circular economy and urban societies Jannicke Gerner Bjerkås CCS Director Fortum Oslo Varme AS Brussels, 20. June 2019

Carbon Capture and Storage – WHAT is it and HOW will we do it? CO2 is a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming Carbon capture means removing the CO2 from the flue gas using a thermochemical process (chemical fluid or an absorbent) The CO2 is compressed to liquid form and sent by ship to an intermediate storage Then transported via pipeline to permanent storage below seabed (3000m)

WHY do we need CCS? IPCC and Paris agreement states CCS as a crucial technology in order to reach 1,5o target IEA; at least 6 bill. tonnes CO2 must be captured and stored within 2050 (20 000 new capture projects) CCS is a safe, proven and effective solution to mitigate climate change The Norwegian CCS project; permanent storage for industrial CO2 emissions from Europe

Carbon Capture in Oslo Aim to capture ~400 000 tonnes CO2 yearly with over 90 % CO2 removal CCS at this Waste-to-Energy plant will capture both fossil and biological CO2 (~50% BIO-CCS) CO2 will be transported by emission-free, cold tank lorries to the local port Pilot testing of capture on the actual flue gas is in progress Technology supplier with proven technology experience (Shell Cansolv)

We need a waste revolution! 2.2 billion tonnes of waste produced globally yearly, increasing to 4 bill. Tonnes in 2025. Most of this ends up in landfills, which contributes to large methane emissions and health hazards No such thing as ZERO waste – we also need to treat waste that cannot or should not be recycled. WtE most sustainable solution for sorted, residual waste – enables carbon capture from point emissions of CO2. About 50% of the remaining emissions from WtE are biogenic. WtE+ CCS = carbon-negative solution 2.2 billion tonnes of waste produced globally yearly, increasing to 4 bill. tonnes in 2025 Most of this ends up in landfills, which contributes to large methane emissions and health hazards We also need to treat waste that cannot, or should not be recycled, in a sustainable way WtE most sustainable solution for sorted, residual waste, enables CO2 capture from point emissions of CO2 About 50% of the remaining emissions from WtE are biogenic. WtE+ CCS = carbon-negative solution We need a waste revolution!

Global increase in waste amounts – large CCS potential in Europe 100 Million tons landfilled in EU yearly 450 Waste-to-Energy plants in Europe 82 million tons Energy recovered in EU yearly 500 000 landfills Landfill directive 1 tonne waste 1 tonne CO2 Financial Times (Jan18) Illustrasjon: CEWEP

Part of the circular economy Waste to Energy (WtE): Part of the circular economy WtE complements recycling; several countries have both high recycling rates and high WtE rate CCS on WtE is an export possibility for EU when the world moves away from landfills to sorting, recycling and energy recovery of residual waste CCS on energy recovery from residual waste is the next step towards sustainable waste treatment Today, CCS is a climate measure and a choice of value/CSR – need for funding or regulations to develop business and technology

CCS needs volume to cut costs Historical examples of cost curves abound! Li-Io Batteries Wind turbines PV panels And more… A CO2 capture plant at Klemetsrud will be the most expensive and the biggest - because it’s the first! (in a long row of similar WtE CCS plants ). Klemetsrud as a starting point for learning, technology development and cost cuts

Conclusions Together with sorting and recycling, we need WtE with CCUS to decarbonize the waste sector CCUS on WtE is a safe investment due to long term stability on WtE plants, and heat/steam production CCUS on WtE will give negative CO2-emissions (BECCS/BIOCCS), and can neutralize other emissions that are difficult to reduce/remove Cities’ climate goals will accelerate CCUS from waste incineration as part of sustainable city solutions

Jannicke.bjerkas@fortum.com