by Joshua Cole • Carol Symes Art Slides Western Civilizations Their History & Their Culture Fourth Brief Edition by Joshua Cole • Carol Symes

Art Slides Chapter 4 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. Although many artistic representations of Plato and Aristotle were made in antiquity, the image that best captures the essential difference between their philosophies is this one, the focal point of a fresco by the Renaissance painter Raphael Sanzio (1483–1520 c.e., to be discussed further in Chapter 12). Plato is the older central figure to the viewer’s left, who points with his right hand to the heavens; Aristotle is the younger man beside him, gesturing with an open palm to the earth. Scala/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Marie-Lan Nguyen/Ludovisi Collection/Wikimedia. A. Roman copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos. B. Second century c.e. copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos. Vanni/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

© Gianni Dagli Ortie/Corbis. PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA. This tiny ivory head was discovered in a royal tomb at Vergina and is almost certainly a bust of the king himself. Contemporary sources report that Philip the Great had his right eye blinded by a catapult bolt, a deformity visible here—and testimony to the unflinching realism of Greek portraiture in the fourth century b.c.e. © Gianni Dagli Ortie/Corbis. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Erin Babnik/Alamy. MACEDONIAN PHALANX. Philip of Macedonia’s hoplite infantry—the model for Alexander’s—was armed with two-handed pikes of graduated lengths, from 13 to 21 feet, and was massed in squares sixteen rows deep and wide. Members of the phalanx were trained to wheel quickly in step formation and to double the width of their front rank as needed, by filing off in rows of eight. The reach of their spears, called sarissas, extended the phalanx’s fighting range. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

ALEXANDER’S WORLD. This view of the world, modeled on maps made in antiquity, represents what intellectuals of Alexander’s own time knew about geography. Wikimedia Commons. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

M4.1 THE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER. The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Greek culture to the vast expanse of the former Persian Empire, as far east as the Indus River. Trace Alexander’s route with your finger. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. ALEXANDER DEFEATS KING DARIUS OF PERSIA AT THE BATTLE OF ISSUS (333 b.c.e.). This Roman mural, discovered at Pompeii, shows Darius fleeing from the battlefield in his chariot (right), pursued by Alexander, the mounted figure on the far left. Note the reflection of Alexander and his horse in Darius’s large round shield. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

have studied so far: Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Greek. THE HELLENISTIC WORLD. Each of the three successor kingdoms to Alexander’s empire was based in one of the three major civilizations we have studied so far: Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Greek. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY. The Trustees of the British Museum. TWO PORTRAITS OF PTOLEMY I OF EGYPT. The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt represented themselves as pharaohs to their Egyptian subjects (as in this bust) and as Greeks to their Macedonian and Greek subjects (as on this gold coin). WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

The Granger Collection, New York. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

© Reuters/CORBIS. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

THE CITADEL OF PERGAMON THE CITADEL OF PERGAMON. An artist’s reconstruction of Pergamon in the second century b.c.e., based on the work of nineteenth-century German archaeologists. High atop the hill is the massive altar of Zeus (now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin) and below it slope the tiers of the theater. Other features include fortifications, terraces, and artificial landscaping for public gardens. INTERFOTO/Alamy. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

DYING GAUL. The original (now lost) statue on which this Roman copy was based was sculpted in Pergamon around 220 b.c.e. The sculptor clearly wished to exhibit skill in depicting an unusual subject: the Gauls were a Celtic people about whom very little was known in this era. Scala/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

akg-images/CDA/Guillemot. Scala/Art Resource, NY. THE WINGED VICTORY OF SAMOTHRACE (left). This marble sculpture of the goddess Nike (Victory) may originally have been displayed on the prow of a monumental ship. It formed part of a temple complex on the island of Samothrace in the northern Aegean, and dates to around the year 200 b.c.e. It is now in the Louvre Museum, Paris. LAOCOÖN AND HIS SONS (right). In sharp contrast to the serene and confident Winged Victory is this famous sculpture group from the first century b.c.e. According to legend, Laocoön warned the Trojans not to accept the wooden horse sent by the Greeks and was accordingly punished by the sea-god Poseidon, who sent two serpents to kill him and his sons. The intense physicality of this work was an important influence on Michelangelo, a millennium and a half later. akg-images/CDA/Guillemot. Scala/Art Resource, NY. WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS 4TH BRIEF EDITION Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.

This concludes the Art Slide Set for Chapter 4 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Their History & Their Culture FOURTH BRIEF EDITION wwnorton.com/college/history/western-civilizationsBrief4 by Joshua Cole • Carol Symes