Ch 3 Biochemistry

Sec. 1: Carbon Compounds Organic molecules: made primarily of carbon atoms Inorganic molecules: not made of carbon (few exceptions)

Carbon Carbon is a very useful element because: It can form up to 4 bonds Can bond to itself Allows carbon to form many shapes

Functional groups Functional groups: groups of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose Page 52

Large Carbon Molecules Many carbon molecules are built from smaller, simpler molecules called Monomers Polymer: molecules consisting of repeating, linked monomers Macromolecules: large polymers

4 major macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Condensation reactions Condensation reactions: reactions that link monomers together to make polymers Why condensation? What is condensation? Water produced during condensation reactions

Hydrolysis reaction Reactions that break polymers down to monomers Water is used Hydro- water Lysis- break down

Energy currency Life processes require constant supplies of energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): main energy containg molecule for living things Energy comes from bonds between phosphate groups

Molecules of life Carbohydrates: organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Sugars Why are sugars useful? Main energy molecule for living things Monomer: Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose Isomers: same formulas, but different orientations

Polymers of Carbohydrates Disaccharides: ? Polysaccharides: ? Glycogen (animal sugar storage) Starch (plants) cellulose

Proteins Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Monomer: amino acid Draw an amino acid Dipeptide: ? Polypeptide:? Shape influenced by temp and solvents Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts (?)

Enzymes Reactions depend on physical fit b/w enzyme and its specific substrate Substrate: reactant being catalyzed Active site: fold on enzyme that fits together with substrate

Lipids Large, nonpolar molecules Do not dissolve in water Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments Long hydrocarbon chains Lipids worksheet

Nucleic acids Store and transfer important information Two types Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Monomer: nucleotide 3 parts Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base Draw a nucleotide