QPS Uses of Methyl Bromide and Alternatives: Challenges in South Asia Ganesan.S Agra, 25th May 2017

Methyl Bromide - QPS or not QPS? Quarantine treatment or not? First, identify the target pest species to be controlled with MBr fumigation Exports: Is pest officially controlled in the destination country? Imports: Is pest officially controlled in the importing country? If the pest in question is not under official control by Government authorities, this is not a quarantine treatment but a controlled use. Pre-shipment or not? Treatment with MBr must be applied 21 days or less prior to export Exports: MBr treatment must be officially required by Government authorities in destination country Imports: MBr treatment must be officially required by importing country authorities “The official requirement for MBr treatment must have been in place before 7 December 1995” Tracking methyl bromide consumption for QPS Treatments required by companies, banks (letter of credit) or other commercial entities are not considered QPS and count as controlled MB consumption. Source: UNEP

Important decisions relating to Methyl Bromide (MBr) for QPS Uses

Minimizing MBr uses, Decisions under Montreal Protocol Year - Decision Particulars Parties to refrain from use of MBr for QPS and to use non-ozone depleting technologies whenever possible 1994 - VI/11 Parties to assess the volume and uses of MBr under QPS exemption including trend in use since 1991, the base year 1998 - X/11 Parties to use MBr recovery and recycling technology to reduce emission. To review national regulations with a view to removing the requirement to use MBr for QPS 2001- XI/13 2004 - XVI/10 Parties to submit data identifying all known uses of MBr for QPS by commodity and application 2004 - XVI/11 Parties to consider heat treatment (ISPM15) for packing materials instead of MBr 2006 - XVII/11 Recapturing and destruction of MBr from space fumigation 2008 - XX/6 Parties to put in place a national strategy to reduce MBr use for QPS 2009 - XXI/10  Parties to apply best practice measures to reduce MBr for QPS uses Parties to avoid multiple treatments of consignments with MBr unless a risk of an infestation with a pest has been identified 2010 - XXII/5 2012-XXIV/15 Improved reporting requirements as regards MBr consumption for QPS use

Decision XX/6 of 2008 Expects Parties to put in place a national strategy to reduce the use of MBr for phytosanitary measures on the following lines Replacing MBr uses for QPS Reducing MBr uses for QPS Physically reducing their emission Accurately recording the QPS uses of MBr

MBr reporting requirement under MP The Beijing Amendment (1999) required Parties to report, under Article 7, annual data on the total quantity of methyl bromide produced, imported and exported for all purposes and, separately, the quantity produced or imported for use as QPS, and feedstock. QPS production and consumption data remained confidential until 2008, when it was made publicly available through Decision XX/6 Source: UNEP

2013 2014 2015 2016 Methyl Bromide Production Country USA 5620.80 6335.30 4175.30 NR Israel 2357.04 1836 1132 China 1438 1437.14 1359.76 Japan 499.379 450.243 448.99 India 1332.73 World 9915.21 10058.68 8448.68 Source: Ozone Secretariat NR : Not Reported Values in MT These countries also export MBr to other countries

Methyl Bromide Consumption Country / Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Afghanistan NR Bangladesh Bhutan China 1258.93 1173.62 1094.29 1102.44 1124.95 932.1 India 379.24 581.14 759.53 624.51 280.94 329.54 Iran 28 26 25 11 20 Korea DPR Korea ROK Maldives Mongolia Nepal Pakistan 23.97 40 67.7 102.19 Sri Lanka 25.27 33.03 37.44 33.97 31.598 21.79 Total 1714.11 1806.03 1935.82 1775.39 1499.86 1380.94 123.98 World Total 10956.15 9699.93 8853.62 9823.5 11122.3 8189.08 Source: Ozone Secretariat NR : Not Reported Value: in MT

Important insights Synthesis of this data with other relevant data shows that the SA countries : _____________________________________________________________________________ Account for about 32% of world’s agricultural production _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Account for 16% of world’s MBr consumption for QPS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ This can be further reduced to <5% in next five years with increasing adoption of Phosphine fumigation , as food grains (non-perishables) trade consume maximum MBr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ De-bottlenecking regulations required. To make them Montreal Protocol compliant _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ICC can help in this endeavor - with support from UNEP and local AIP industry

Alert issued by MBTOC “……further reductions in atmospheric concentrations [of MBr]… will only occur if the remaining non-QPS uses in developing countries (A5 Parties) and the few non-A5 and A5 critical uses are phased out, and if emissions or use of MB for QPS are reduced significantly. In 2014, the use of MB for QPS was at least three times the total used for non-QPS in non-A5 and A5 countries.   -MBTOC 2014 Assessment Report

Ways to reduce MBr-QPS uses Review if QPS uses of MBr was an “official requirement” in the exporting/importing country before 7th Dec 1995 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If it was not an “official requirement” prior to 7th Dec 1995, disapprove its use by an order _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Check the list of “notified quarantine pests”. Disapprove use of MBr for non-quarantine pest control _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Make MBr fumigation Montreal Protocol compliant of 2008, mindful of Decision XX/6 of 2008 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Introduce regulatory and economic incentives to adopt MBr alternatives

Many countries have notified to WTO replacing MBr with Phosphine Phosphine – An alternative to MBr “Phosphine fumigation has emerged as the leading treatment of infested commodities”. -MBTOC 2014 Assessment Report Many countries have notified to WTO replacing MBr with Phosphine “Phosphine fumigation as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide fumigation for the control of the quarantine pest Trogoderma granarium in barley”

Phosphine Fumigation - SOME FACTS Used in >160 countries and it ranks number one fumigant for >60 years _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Upon contact with atmosphere, Aluminum Phosphide releases toxic phosphine gas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine quickly spreads and penetrates into the commodity being fumigated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine completely kills all four stages of insects viz eggs, larva, pupa and adults _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Speed of mortality will be Adult > larva > Pupa > Eggs and linked to rate of respiration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine is practically insoluble in water, fats and oils and therefore has no appreciable reaction on the fumigated commodities _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine disappears completely after fumigation from the treated area upon aeration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine does not adversely affect the quality of agricultural commodity fumigated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Unlike Methyl Bromide, phosphine is not an ozone depleting gas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phosphine released from aluminium phosphide is not persistent in the atmosphere. It is rapidly deactivated by photolysis (effect of sunlight)

Thank You Ganesan.S ganesanicc@gmail.com