What next? By Anadika Paul Baghel

Fly-By-Wireless

Fly-By-Wireless

…a possibility? Fly-By-Wireless…

Mechanical Flight Controls Cockpit Control Stick Tension cables Ropes Chains Pulleys Mechanical Linkages

Hydraulic Flight Controls Cockpit Control Stick Mechanical Circuit Hydraulic Circuit Mechanical Linkages Hydraulic Actuators

Fly-By-Wire System Electronic Interface Autopilot Cockpit Control Stick Fly-By-Wire System Autopilot Hydraulic Actuators Electronic Interface Autopilot FMS Electrical Cables

Why? WEIGHT LOSS To reduce power consumption I need to lose weight! To reduce power consumption To increase flight efficiency To reduce costs To increase revenue Why? WEIGHT LOSS

Wire fabrication and installation cost = Numbers… Total wire count = ~ 100,000 cables Total wire length = 470 km Total weight of wires (only) = 5,700 kg Total weight of harnesses = ~ 30% Airbus A320 = $14 Million Boeing B787 = $50 Million Airbus A380 production delays and cost overruns = $2 Billion Approximate wire weight of A380 = 7 tons! Wire fabrication and installation cost = $2000 per kg 2-5% of A/C Weight

WIRE AGING ELECTRICAL FAILURE Why? B767 B777 WIRE AGING ELECTRICAL FAILURE

Wire Aging looks like this…

United 811 1989

TWA 800 1996

Swissair 118 1998

Major Issues with Wiring Systems Failures of Wires and Connectors Performance Direct Costs Cost of Flexibility of Vehicle Design Cost of Data not obtained Cost of Vehicle Resources Cost of Change / Inflexibility The Price of Copper Cost of late Changes

Fly-By-WireLESS System Cockpit Control Stick Autopilot Fly-By-WireLESS System Hydraulic Actuators FMS WIRELESS Data Transmission

Current Wired Avionics System Avionics Computer System AFDX Sensors Avionics Subsystem End System End System CAN / ARINC429 Actuators Avionics Computer System Sensors Avionics Subsystem End System CAN / ARINC429 Actuators Avionics Computer System

Characteristics of the Current Wired Avionics System AFDX Network = 100 Mbps CAN bus = 1Mbps ARINC429 bus = 100 Kbps Reliability Availability Failure < 10 −9 per flight hour Security Data Confidentiality Data Integrity Data Authentication Cope with harsh physical conditions Characteristics of the Current Wired Avionics System

Current Wired Avionics System Backbone Networks PHY Layer Data Rate per Link ≥ 100 Mbps Subnetwork Size 50 – 80 Nodes Range (meters) 4–6 for each Avionic Bay; ≥ 6 for 2 Avionics Bay Topology Peer-to-Peer Network Pattern Any, Multicast MAC Layer Mechanism Contention Free Access Delay End-to-end Delay Guarantee Reliability End-to-end Reliability Guarantee Energy No Specific Limitations on Power Consumption

Fly-By-WireLESS Commercial Off-the-Shelf Technology New Wireless Technology for Avionics Systems Fly-By-WireLESS

Current Off-the-Shelf Tech Standard 802.11n HR-UWB 60 GHz Max Range (m) 30 Frequency Bands 2.4, 5 GHz Bandwidth 20/40 MHz Non-Overlap Channels 3 LoS Requirement No Max. Data Rate (Mbps) 600 Encryption RC4, AES Topology Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure MAC Protocol CSMA/CA DCF, PCF Standard 802.11n HR-UWB 60 GHz Max Range (m) 30 10 Frequency Bands 2.4, 5 GHz 3.1 – 10.6 GHz Bandwidth 20/40 MHz 500 MHz – 7.5 GHz 5 – 7 GHz Non-Overlap Channels 3 14 1 LoS Requirement No Yes Max. Data Rate (Mbps) 600 110(10m)/200(6m)/480(2m) 3000 Encryption RC4, AES AES NA Topology Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure Peer-to-Peer MAC Protocol CSMA/CA DCF, PCF TDMA or CSMA/CA HCF TDMA Standard 802.11n HR-UWB 60 GHz Max Range (m) 30 10 Frequency Bands 2.4, 5 GHz 3.1 – 10.6 GHz Bandwidth 20/40 MHz 500 MHz – 7.5 GHz Non-Overlap Channels 3 14 LoS Requirement No Max. Data Rate (Mbps) 600 110(10m)/200(6m)/480(2m) Encryption RC4, AES AES Topology Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure Peer-to-Peer MAC Protocol CSMA/CA DCF, PCF TDMA or CSMA/CA HCF Standard 802.11n HR-UWB 60 GHz Max Range (m) Frequency Bands Bandwidth Non-Overlap Channels LoS Requirement Max. Data Rate (Mbps) Encryption Topology MAC Protocol

Wireless Technologies Vs. Avionics Requirements ECMA-368 (HR-UWB) IEEE 802.15.3c (60 GHz) Determinism PCF (Yes) DCF (No) TDMA (Yes) PCA (No) Yes Reliability Medium Security High NA EMC Susceptibility Low ECMA-368 (HR-UWB) Determinism TDMA (Yes) PCA (No) Reliability Medium Security High EMC Susceptibility Low Enhanced acknowledgement mechanism (ACK & NACK) PBS - Pairwise Bandwidth Synchronization Precision = 200 ns Freq. Bands 9, 10, 11 Available

Hybrid Architecture Wired + Wireless Gateway Gateway Giga Switch (band 11) Gateway (band 9) Gateway (band 10) Hybrid Architecture Wired + Wireless

WAIC Wireless Avionics Intra- Communications

30% wires can be replaced with wireless WAIC Increase efficiency & reliability Maintain the data security Design specifications to satisfy wireless avionics requirements Safety related applications Low transmission power 30% wires can be replaced with wireless

WAIC Develop Quantum Communication Technology Successfully reserved frequency bandwidth in WRC-2015 to develop Wireless Avionics Network Technology

Fly-By-Wireless

What next?

…Questions? Fly-By-Wireless…