ALCOHOLS 340 Chem 1st 1439

Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter the student will: know the structure of alcohol Knew the different classes of alcohols. Knew the nomenclature of Alcohols Knew the physical Properties. Knew the acidity of Alcohols. Knew the different methods of preparation of Alcohols . Knew the chemical reactions of Alcohols 340 Chem 1st 1439

Alcohols Structural Characteristic of Alcohols alcohols, a class of compounds containing the OH (hydroxyl) group. Alcohols have a hydroxyl ( OH) group bonded to a saturated carbon atom. The alcohol carbon atom may be part of a simple alkyl group, an alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the carbon atom may be a saturated carbon atom that is attached to a benzene ring: 340 Chem 1st 1439

Classification of Alcohols Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the classification of the carbon that bears the functional group. The carbon atom which connected to the hydroxyl group called carbinol carbon. 340 Chem 1st 1439

340 Chem 1st 1439

Nomenclature of Alcohols In the IUPAC system: selected the longest carbon chain that contains the -OH group as the parent alkane and numbered from the end closer to OH. change the suffix -e of the parent alkane to -ol use a number to show the location of the OH group. If there is a functional group suffix and a substituent, the functional group suffix gets the lowest possible number. For cyclic alcohols, numbering begins with the carbon bearing the OH group. If the OH group is understood to be on carbon 1 of the ring. In complex alcohols, the number for the hydroxyl group is often placed between the infix and the suffix. So the compound containing two hydroxyl groups is named as a diol, one containing three hydroxyl groups as a triol, and so on. 340 Chem 1st 1439

Compounds containing OH and C=C groups are often referred to as unsaturated alcohols. choose the chain that include them both even if this is not the longest chain. In the IUPAC system, the double bond is shown by changing the infix of the parent alkane from -an- to -en- and the hydroxyl group is shown by changing the suffix of the parent alkane from -e to -ol. Numbers must be used to show the location of both the carbon-carbon double bond and the hydroxyl group. Common names derived by naming the alkyl group followed by the word alcohol. 340 Chem 1st 1439

Alcohol functional group suffix is ol CH3OH methanol Common Name Note IUPAC Name Alcohol functional group suffix is ol CH3OH methanol Common Name alkyl group attached to OH, plus alcohol CH3OH methyl alcohol 340 Chem 1st 1439

Chair Conformations 340 Chem 1st 1439

Physical Properties of Alcohols Most of the common alcohols, up to about 11 or 12 carbon atoms, are liquids at room temperature. Methanol and ethanol are free-flowing volatile liquids with characteristic fruity odors. The higher alcohols (the butanols through the decanols) are somewhat viscous, and some of the highly branched isomers are solids at room temperature. These higher alcohols have heavier but still fruity odors. Solubility Water and alcohols have similar properties because they all contain hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds. Several of the lower-molecular-weight alcohols as CH3OH,,,,C3H7OH are miscible (soluble in any proportions) with water. The solubility decreases as the alkyl group becomes larger. The number of hydroxyl groups increases so the solubility increases. 340 Chem 1st 1439

Boiling Points Alcohols have much higher boiling points than comparable ethers or hydrocarbons. Alcohol molecules can associate with each other through hydrogen bonding, whereas those of ethers and hydrocarbons cannot. The boiling points increase with the increase of the number of OH groups . the boiling point decreases with increase in branching in the alkyl group. Boiling points of 1o alcohol > 2o alcohol > 3o alcohol 340 Chem 1st 1439

340 Chem 1st 1439

Acidity of Alcohols Alcohols can function as both weak acids (proton donors) and weak bases (proton acceptors).A strong base can remove the hydroxyl proton to give an alkoxide ion. Alkoxide ions are strong nucleophiles and strong bases The order of acidity of various liquid alcohols generally is water > 1o>2o>3o Electron-withdrawing groups make an alcohol a stronger acid by stabilizing the conjugate base (alkoxide) The acidity decreases as the substitution on the alkyl group increases, because a more highly substituted alkyl group inhibits solvation of the alkoxide ion, decreasing the stability of the alkoxide ion and driving the dissociation equilibrium toward the left. Alcohol weaker acids than phenol and carboxylic acids The basicity of alkoxide ions increases while going from primary to tertiary. This increase in basicity occurs because the conjugate base of a weak acid is strong. 340 Chem 1st 1439

The common name of an alkoxide is constructed by deleting the final yl from the name of the alkyl group and adding the suffix oxide. In substitutive nomenclature, the suffix ate is simply added to the name of the alcohol. 340 Chem 1st 1439

Synthesis of Alcohols 1-Synthesis of Alcohols from alkenes a- By acid catalysed hydration in accordance with Markownikoff’s rule. b-Anti-Markovnikov’s rule, ( Hydroboration-Oxidation) C- Dihydroxylation: synthesis of 1,2-diols from alkenes 340 Chem 1st 1439

2-Hydrolysis of alkyl halides 340 Chem 1st 1439

3-Reaction of Grignard reagents with aldehydes , ketones, esters and epoxides 340 Chem 1st 1439

Ester or acid chloride ( CH3COOCH3 or CH3COCl) Epoxide 340 Chem 1st 1439

4-Reduction of Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids and Esters by hydrogenation of the carbon–oxygen double bond. sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduce carbonyl groups lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) reduce all kind of carbonyl groups H2/ Ni or Pt or Pd or Ru reduce all double bond 340 Chem 1st 1439

340 Chem 1st 1439

Reactions of Alcohols I Reactions of Alcohols I.Reaction as acids (Breaking of oxygen- Hydrogen bond CO ـــــH) A. Formation of Salt (Na, K, Mg) B. Formation of Esters (Carboxylic acid ester) 340 Chem 1st 1439

II. Reaction involving carbon-oxygen bond cleavage C-OH Conversion of Alcohols into Alkyl Halides The order of reactivity of alcohols is 3°> 2° >1° > methyl. By using Hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, Hl) or Phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) or Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) 340 Chem 1st 1439

Elimination Reactions(Dehydration of alcohols) 1. Formation of alkenes 2. Ethers Formation 340 Chem 1st 1439

Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Cu/ Heat or CrO3/ Pyridine or PCC/CH2Cl2 (weak) (STRONG):KMnO4, K2Cr2O7/H3O+ , H2Cr2O7/H3O+, HNO3 Tertiary alcohols have no hydrogen on their hydroxyl-bearing carbon and do not undergo oxidation readily 340 Chem 1st 1439