Spartan Training Birth – potentially killed by the state Age of 7 boys sent/lived at military school School run by older boys Bullied, hazed Age of 12-19 start next step Only clothing is 1 cloak Withstand cold Fed enough to merely be healthy Accustom to hardship of campaign Encouraged to steal but still punished (Plutarch Ferret Story)

Spartan Training (cont) Age 20 – 30 are teachers of military school This included mandatory “mentorship” with younger Spartans Cohesion Could marry but could not live with wife Had to sneak for baby-making Further cohesion living with fellow soldiers No family – Loyalty After 30 lived at home Still ate all meals with there unit

Ionian Revolt

Achaemenid Persian Empire

Persian Monarchs and the Achaemenid Empire Rise of Persia Cyrus the Great (559-530 BCE) Cambyses (529-522 BCE) Darius (521-486 BCE): centralized authority, road network; satrapies (20); canal linking Nile and Red Sea

Background to the Conflict After collapse of Mycenaean civilization, many Greeks fled to Ionia. These “colonies” became part of the Lydian Empire. Became part of Persia after Lydia was conquered

Causes of the Revolt Disruption of established trade routes Egypt conquered Scythian expedition and Black Sea trade destruction of Sybaris Persian rule comparatively harsher than (Hellenized) Lydian rule Ionian Greeks hard to rule. So Persia est. a tyrant in each Ionian city. Personal motives The Failed expedition of Naxos The destruction of Sybaris in 511/510 B.C.E. is cited as having a major economic effect, especially on Miletus (Murray, loc. cit.; Tozzi, loc. cit.). Tozzi (p. 118) also lists Persian control of Egypt, Thrace, and the Straits between Europe and Asia as adversely affecting Ionian trade. 499 BC, the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer Naxos, in an attempt to bolster his position. The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king Darius the Great.

Ionian Revolt, 499-493 Ionians with Athenian support capture, and burn Sardis Why does Athens get involved? They are Ionians (Greek Ethnic Group) Persia has been unfriendly Athens dependent on trade (esp. grain trade) Glory… Caught by Persian Calvary at the Battle of Ephesus Despite the defeat, thru force or diplomacy Ionians spread the revolt.

Battle of Ephesus Ionians and Greek fled Sardis Were caught at the city of Ephesus.[ Persians were missile cavalry, who tactics were to wear down the enemy with vollies Greeks routed

Persian Counter offence Despite the defeat, thru force or diplomacy Ionians spread the revolt. For the next two years Persia re-subjugated those who revolted There was some success against the Persians but it could not be maintained

Battle of Lade The city of Miletus, who started the revolt, decided to protect their city at sea They, and their allies, gathered 353 Triremes vs the Persian 600 However before the Battle, the Persians convinced some to leave as the battle began, the entire force then dissolved in fear.

Darius and the Burning of Sardis Herodotus, 5.105 “When King Darius was informed that Sardis had been captured and burned by the Athenians and the Ionians…he first (so the story goes), when he heard the news, made no account of the Ionians--for he knew well that they would surely not get off scot-free for their rebellion--but he put the question, “Who are the Athenians?” and, having his answer, asked for a bow. He took it, fitted an arrow to it, and shot it into the sky, and as he sent it up he prayed, ‘Zeus, grant me the chance of punishing the Athenians.’ Having said that, he ordered one of his servants that, as often as a meal was set before him, the man should says three times, ‘Master, remember the Athenians’.”

First Invasion of Greece: Motivations Punish the rebels Restore Hippeas (he would be a Persian satrap) Conquer and tax Greece Control Athenian trade Glory

First Invasion of Greece: Battle of Marathon Persian fleet headed down coast of Attica, landing at bay of Marathon, 26 miles from Athens (Phydippedes runs to Athens to ask for help…3hrs. Then died.) Sparta amidst a religious ceremony. Promised help later…

First Persian Expedition Battle at Marathon (490 BCE) Modern estimations of the size of the Persian expedition around 20,000 troops Objectives: Eretria and Athens

Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)

Herodotus on Marathon “The lines were drawn up, and the sacrifices were favorable; so the athenians were permitted to charge, and they advanced on the persians at a run. There was not less than three quarters of a mile in the no-man’s land between the two armies. The persians, seeing them come at a run, made ready to receive them; but they believed that the athenians were possessed by some very desperate madness, seeing their small numbers and their running to meet their enemies without the support of cavalry or archers. That was what the barbarians thought; but the athenians, when they came to hand-to-hand fighting, fought right worthily. They were the first greeks we know of to charge the enemy at a run and the first to face the sight of the median dress and the men who wore it. For till then the greeks were terrified even to hear the name of the medes.”

Marathon--Phases of Battle

Significance Casualties = 6,400 Persians; 192 Athenians Persians CAN be beaten Victory for “democracy and freedom” Pride and glory No victory at Marathon, no Socrates, Sophocles, Eurpides Sets up a rematch

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgijJ-zdHow