Plant Reproduction and Breeding UNIT 2: Topic 3

What is selective breeding? Choosing specific plants with particular characteristics and encouraging those plants to reproduce

Plants are also bred to withstand environmental conditions such as: Hardiness Yield Resistance to disease How well it stores Heather, Calluna vulgaris, one of Britain's hardiest plants

Genes Genetic material in a plant

Genetically Modified Plants Scientists combine genetic material from two different plants, so it has genes from both.

Plant Reproduction Asexual reproduction happens when a “parent” plant grows new plants from its foots, stems, or leaves.

Vegetative Reproduction When young plants are identical to the parents- usually happens when a new plant grows from the root of another. Can also occur through stems

Grafting To take a branch from one tree and attach it to another http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpgbpbewU3E

Seed Plant Reproduction Female Cone Male Cone Contains ovules Catches pollen grains, and once the pollen tube grows down to the ovule, pollination occurs -Smaller -Pollen grains develop on it http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/flowers.htm

1. Parts of a Flower

2. Pollination Occurs when pollen has been transferred from the anther to the stigma. When the pollen grain germinates on the stigma it creates a burrow called the pollen tube as it travels toward the ovary http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDM8OtS5MPM

3. When the pollen grain reaches the ovule, fertilization occurs

4. Pollination must take place before fertilization can take place

5. The fertilized embryo will become a tiny new plant inside the seed

Pollination Two types of pollination are self-pollination and cross- pollination

2 ways of cross-pollination 1. Wind 2. Animals

Artificial Pollination When plant breeders breed plants for specific purposes

Once a plant has been pollinated, a seed is formed Once a plant has been pollinated, a seed is formed! Inside the seed is a tiny plant that is called an embryo. It is protected by a seed coat that helps it stay alive or dormant.

What conditions does a seed need to be able to grow? Sunlight Water Air

When you bite into a pear you are eating a fruit When you bite into a pear you are eating a fruit! What is the function of fruit for a plant? A fruit is the growing ovary of the plant that swells and protects the developing seeds of a plant until they are ripe.

Name 5 ways that seeds are spread Wind Water (ex. Coconut) Eaten by animals “Hitch a ride” on animals Fire

Farmers use machines to spread seeds like wheat, canola, barley.

Germination The development of a seed into a new plant. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/flowers.htm