Do Now: HW #1: Introduction to the Circulatory System Aim: How do the circulatory and immune systems work together to maintain homeostasis? Do Now: HW #1: Introduction to the Circulatory System

Lines of defense Barriers 1st line: 2nd line: 3rd line: broad, external defense “walls & moats” skin & mucus membranes 2nd line: broad, internal defense “patrolling soldiers” phagocyte (eating) WBCs 3rd line: specific, acquired immunity “elite trained units” lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies B & T cells Barriers Non-specific patrol Immune system

Inside Blood Vessels . . . Plasma Liquid portion of blood Dissolved nutrients Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen in hemoglobin White Blood Cells Large cells with a nucleus Defenders of the body Immune System Platelets Blood clotting

Immune System Function: Identifies and defends the body against pathogens - microbes Foreign organisms that cause disease Bacteria: Meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis Viruses: HIV, flu, chicken pox Fungi: yeast Protists: lyme disease, malaria http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_immune/

A different antibody will be made for this antigen Antigens Specifically shaped proteins on cells that identify foreign substances, such as pathogens, as invaders A different antibody will be made for this antigen (pathogen)

White Blood Cells Blood cells that are a key part of the immune system Engulf (eat) microbes/pathogens Make antibodies

antibodies a pathogen with antigens White Blood cell producing antibodies

The Immune Response Why do you think there are several different types of cells involved in the process? How do you think all of these cells are communicating with each other? What do you notice about how the immune cells recognize pathogens and their markers (antigens)? Where is all of this actually happening in the body?

White Blood Cells Key part of the immune system Antibodies are specifically shaped proteins, made by white blood cells Antibodies recognize and detect pathogens by reading their specific antigen

What’s Going on Here?

3rd line: Lymphocytes Specific defense responds to specific invaders B cell Specific defense responds to specific invaders recognizes specific foreign antigens white blood cells B cells & antibodies T cells

B cells & antibodies B cells Plasma B cells Memory B cells white blood cells that attack roaming invaders Plasma B cells make antibodies against invader immediately Memory B cells remembers invader can make antibodies quickly the next time protects you from getting disease more than once

White Blood Cells Memory WBC Remembers invader Can make antibodies quickly the next time Protects you from getting disease more than once

T cells T cells mature in thymus Helper T cells Killer T cells sounds the alarm for rest of immune system Killer T cells destroys infected body cells Memory T cells remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly

Aim: How does Your Body Become Immune to Disease? Do Now: Regents Review Questions HW #3: Vaccinations

How was the First Vaccine Developed? English physician Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox in 1796. Armed with the knowledge that milkmaids who had been exposed to cowpox, a relatively mild affliction, didn't come down with smallpox, Jenner intentionally infected an eight-year-old boy with cowpox. Two months later he infected the boy again, this time with smallpox. As Jenner expected, the child didn't come down with the disease -- he was immune.

Jonas E. Salk 1914 – 1995 Developed the polio vaccine April 12, 1955 1994: America is polio free Poliomyelitis (polio) is caused by a virus that enters the body through the mouth. The virus multiplies in the intestine and invades the nervous system. It can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. Among those paralyzed, 5-10 percent die when their breathing muscles are immobilized. Polio mainly affects children under age 5. 1916 The first major polio epidemic strikes in the United States; 27,000 people suffer paralysis and 6,000 die. Increasing numbers of outbreaks occur each year. 1921 Franklin D. Roosevelt is diagnosed with polio. 1928 Iron lungs are introduced to help patients with acute polio breathe. 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States 1949 Dr. John Enders, Dr. Frederick Robbins and Dr. Thomas Weller develop a way to grow poliovirus in tissue culture, a breakthrough that aided in the creation of the polio vaccine. Their work earned the three scientists the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1954. 1952 The United States reports 57,628 polio cases -- the worst U.S. epidemic on record. 1979 The last U.S. case of polio caused by wild poliovirus is reported. 1988 Worldwide, polio continues to affect some 350,000 people in 125 countries. 1994 The Americas are certified polio-free. 2000 The Western Pacific region is certified polio-free. 2002 Europe is certified polio-free. April 12, 1955

Annotate the graph with the following descriptions: What is happening from 1950 to 1955? What is happening from 1955 to 1960? What is happening from 1962 to 1980?

Annotate the graph with the following descriptions: What is happening from 1930 to 1950? What is happening from 1950 to 1976? What is happening from 1976 to 2000?

After looking at the two graphs, think about the following questions: How can we compare the trends found in these two graphs? What factors do you think impacted the number of cases of polio? Influenza? Why do the number of cases fluctuate? Why do you think that there are no longer polio cases in the US, but there are some cases of influenza?

NOVA: Vaccines—Calling the Shots | Immunity & Vaccines How Vaccines Work Describe the steps that your body takes when building immunity. Explain why vaccinations are particularly beneficial for infants. What does the scientist mean when he says that white blood cells would not be “fast enough or smart enough if we hadn’t whipped them along by a prior immunization?”

Vaccine Dead or weakened pathogen injected into the body Stimulates the body to produce antibodies to fight off the pathogen.

Immunity Ability to produce antibodies to identify and destroy pathogens

Immune Response Do you have antibodies when you are FIRST exposed to a specific antigen? Antibodies are produced AFTER being exposed to a pathogen Memory B cells (WBC) “remember” the pathogen and are able to produce SPECIFIC antibodies in the future

Protecting you from disease Antibiotics = medicine advantage kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you make you well after being sick disadvantage use only after sick only good against bacteria possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) can get sick again

Aim: How does HIV affect the Immune System? Do Now: Regents Review Questions HW:

HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” ANTIGEN Virus that attacks and weakens the immune system. Infects helper T cells It is difficult to treat because it constantly mutates, changing its antigens.

HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” Infects and destroys T-Cells (WBCs) Virus weakens the immune system. Causes AIDS Infected with Opportunistic Diseases Diseases caused by your body’s inability to defend itself. Pneumocystic carinii & Kaposi’s sarcoma

Contracting HIV Sexual intercourse Blood transfusion Passed through the placenta Open wound Sharing needles - drugs Do phenolthalein activity

2012

Aim: Why Does the Immune System Overact to Certain Stimuli? Do Now: Regents Question Worksheet HW:

Do Now 6/17 What are allergies?

Allergies Production of antibodies against harmless substances Over-reaction to harmless compounds (allergens) Proteins on pollen Proteins from dust mites Proteins in animal saliva Body mistakenly thinks they are attackers

Allergic Reactions Inflammatory Response Causes the production of histamines leading to an allergic reaction Rashes, sneezing, burning eyes, asthma attack

Face Transplant Surgery Surgeons in France have carried out the first face transplant, it has been reported. The woman had lost her nose, lips and chin after being savaged by a dog. In the controversial operation, tissues, muscles, arteries and veins were taken from a brain-dead donor and attached to the patient's lower face. Doctors stress the woman will not look like her donor, but nor will she look like she did before the attack - instead she will have a "hybrid" face. It has been technically possible to carry out such a transplant for some years, with teams in the US, the UK and France researching the procedure. Skin from another person's face is better for transplants as it will be a better match than skin from another part of the patient's body, which could have a different texture or color. But the ethical concerns of a face transplant, and the psychological impact to the patient of looking different has held teams back. Concerns relating to immunosuppressant, psychological impact and the consequence of technical failure have so far prevented ethical approval of the procedure in the UK, though doctors here are fully able to perform transplants. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4484728.stm

Why are Organ Transplants Difficult? Donor organs have their own antigens on the cell membrane. A recipient’s body identifies these as PATHOGENS. This is a kidney being removed from a donor

How do Recipients React to Transplants? Transplanted organs are recognized as pathogens and are attacked by the immune system This is known as rejection. Chance of rejection is decreased when: the donor and recipient are closely related when anti-rejection medication is used.

Immunosuppressant Drugs Drugs given to the recipient to reduce the risk of rejection Gives the transplanted organ time to adjust to it’s new environment without being attacked by the recipient’s immune system. Use the bubble boy movie – beginning of the movie

Why can you only get a specific type of blood when you get a tranfusion? Antigens, proteins on the surface of RBCs, determine blood type If you get the wrong antigen, your body will reject it! There are two types of antigens: A & B

Blood Type: Antigens & Antibodies antigen on RBC antibodies in blood donationstatus A A antigens anti-B antibodies __ B B antigens anti-A antibodies AB BOTH A & B antigens no antibodies universal recipient O no antigens anti-A & anti-B antibodies universal donor Matching compatible blood groups is CRITICAL for blood transfusions A person produces antibodies against foreign blood antigens

Agglutination Recipient makes antibodies against the donor’s blood and the blood clots, which can lead to death. RBCs clump together due to antibody-antigen reaction